Essay on Small Business - 1238 Words

Small Business 2 In accessing the Equal Employment Opportunity Office (EEOC) website, I found it very hard to find a clear and concise reason as to why small businesses were treated differently than the larger businesses and why the law would differentiate between them. These smaller organizations are sometimes treated differently by the EEOC because they lack the resources that most large companies possess. Most small businesses cant afford to hire the best qualified people that larger businesses can and do. They may not be able to hire people that fit into the different classes (EEOC, 2008). For example, they may want to hire someone with a disabili ty but really can t afford to because they would have to make†¦show more content†¦There are many Small Business 4 different laws that are enforced by EEOC for small businesses one of which is the Title VII of the Civil Rights of 1964. This law makes it illegal to discriminate against any person based on race, color, religion, national origin, or sex. This law also makes it unlawful to retaliate against a person because the person complained about discrimination or filed a charged of discrimination (Laws Enforced by EEOC). Equal Pay Act of 1963 law is equally important to small businesses. This law makes it unlawful to pay different salaries to men and women when they both are performing the exact same job. The Equal Pay Act does not exclude all disparities in wage rates paid men and women but only those disparities based only on gender (Twomey, D, and Jennings, M.M., 2011, p. 848). Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, this law also enforced by the EEOC is intended to protect individuals who are 40 years or older from discrimination because of age. It covers all private employers with 20 or more employees (small business) (Anderson, R.A., Fox, 1., Twomey, D.P., and Jennings, M.M., 1993). Title I and Title V of the Americans with Disabilities Act 1990. This is also administered by the EEOC to aid small businesses. This law makes it illegal to discriminate against a qualified person with a disability in the private sector asShow MoreRelatedEssay On Small Business1382 Words   |  6 PagesServiced Office Spaces Benefit Small Businesses Serviced offices are becoming more and more attractive to small business owners especially those operating in U.S main cities such as New York, Kansas, Los Angeles, Miami and Las Vegas among many others. One can easily access prestigious rental serviced office spaces like the ones we offer in the heart of Midtown Manhattan. Furthermore, serviced office spaces located in trendy and upmarket areas provide start-ups and small companies the chance to raiseRead MoreBenefits Of A Small Business2005 Words   |  9 PagesI. 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Nowadays there are many independent businesses running both online and offline such as online shops, restaurant, saloon, etc. Some may think that it is just a part-time job to have an extra salary, but the truth is, we can get a large amount of incomes if we have a good man agement skill. Establishing a small business can be easy or hard dependingRead MoreBusiness Strategy Of Small Business1321 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Small business can be kept up by individual or accessories by putting their shares in an association. The capital for little endeavors is not high to accomplish wide edges in the business segment. At the point when appeared differently in relation to medium scale and significant scale business financing, little scale business needs to oblige its business operations inside the limited measure of capital. 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Oedipus Reaction Paper - 639 Words

Reaction Paper on Oedipus The King World Literature Oedipus the King, also known by the as Oedipus Rex, is an tragedy written by Sophocles. It was the second of Sophocles s three Theban plays to be produced, together with Oedipus at Colonus and then Antigone. Oedipus Rex chronicles the story of Oedipus, a man who becomes the king of Thebes who was destined from birth to murder his father Laius and marry his mother Jocasta. The play is an example of a classic tragedy, noticeably containing an emphasis on how Oedipus s own faults contribute to the tragic hero s downfall, as opposed having fate be the sole cause. Oedipus the King shows us unity of time, place, and action. The play focuses on Oedipus s search for the killer of King†¦show more content†¦Oedipus pride and arrogance prevented him from being able to understand the truth, and he continued to blindly target others for the blame. Anagnorisis refers to recognition oneself and what one stands for. The description fits Oedipus realization of his mistaken self-image and recognition of his true self-identity. It comes at the end of the interview with the Theban shepherd about Oedipus true identity. Peripeteia means a reversal of intention or a turning point. In Oedipus this happens when the Messenger shows up from Corinth. The man tries to ease the King s mind by telling him that he s not really Polybos s son. Though the Messenger intends only good things with this information, it ends up being the thing that drives Oedipus toward his horrible fate. Catharsis describes an emotional release that leads to cleansing and healing. The description fits Theban King Oedipus self-blinding. He released many emotions upon discovering that he is the prophesied killer of his father and husband of his mother. He the emotional experience into healing by taking away the sight that gets in the way of processing what is staring him directly in the face at every unfortunate turn in his life. 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Fairtale Essay Free Essays

string(45) " be a male and what it means to be a female\." One of the most well known, well loved and influential genre of literature is the fairy tale. A fairy tale is defined by the Oxford dictionary as â€Å"A children’s story of magical and imaginary beings and lands†. Overtime the concept of fairy tales has changed. We will write a custom essay sample on Fairtale Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Fairy tales are being re-written and re-illustrated constantly, which makes fairy tales appealing to every generation. Fairy tales broaden the imagination of children. They allow us gain an insight into a world of magic and adventure- a world we will never experience but fantasize about. â€Å"Fairy tales are nothing if not realistic: and it is their cynicism that keeps them lively. (Opie, 1980, p. 19) â€Å"A characteristic of the fairy tale, as told today, is that it is unbelievable. Although a fairy tale is seldom a tale about fairy-folk and does not necessarily even feature a fairy, it does contain an enchantment or other supernatural element that is clearly imaginary. † (Opie, 1980 p. 18). The origin of fairy tales is commonly unknown and more often than not never discovered by the reader. French writers Catherine Bernard, Marie-Jeanne Lheitier, Marie-Catherine d’Aulnoy are believed to be â€Å"chiefly responsible for the establishment of the fairytale as a lite racy genre in Europe. (Zipes, 2006,p. 13) of the 1960s. However, it was Italian writers Giovan Francesco Straparola and Giambattista Basile who played a major role in the rise of literacy in Europe. â€Å"This is one of the best kept secrets that is well worth unlocking because it reveals just how closely tied the literacy fairy tale as genre is to spread of the civilizing process throughout Europe. †(Zipes, 2006, p. 13) However, it was the influence of Boccaccio’s Decamerone that led to the production of various collections of ‘novelle’ that had an impact on the literacy fairy tale as a short narrative. Straparola was the first to publish his collection â€Å"Le piacevoli notti (1550 and 1553) from the example Boccaccio had set. Straparola was different from previous writers. He was the first European writer â€Å"to adapt many tales from oral tradition, creating approximately fourteen literacy fairy tales in his collection of seventy four novella. † (Zipes, 2006, p. 14) Straparola’s work caused some controversy and at one time one of his collections was banned by the pope in 1791. This was due to themes which Straparola had included in his work. He introduced â€Å"plain earthy language† and â€Å"critical view of power struggles in Italian society†. Basile shared similar views on power and civility. (Zipes, 2006). Even form this early stage, fairy tales have always been connected to power, social class and gender stereotyping. Both Straparola and Basile recognised that Italian principalities were being damaged through family conflicts, the change in commerce and trade and war. They used fairy tale’s as a written means of broaching their concern over the unexpected change of norms on human behaviour. Although time passes and things change, fairytales have not dated. The classic fairy tales that Basile and Straparola once told are still being told to children today all over the world. Thanks to the origination of the fairytale by Straparola and Basil â€Å"we still rely on its narrative strategy to see how dangerous it is to think that we live in more civilized and better world than the realms of the past. †(Zipes, 2006) For centuries young children have been enthralled by fairy tales. Tales of witches, wizards, princes and princesses, fairy godmothers and villains alike have been influencing how children view the world around them. This appears particularly true in the case of young girls, with whom these stories seem to resonate. However living in a contemporary 22nd century society the question needs to be posed; are these stories, written centuries ago, still providing a relevant and realistic portrayal of female role models to the youth of today? Or are these folktales of ‘prince charming’ and ‘happily ever afters’ corrupting ideals from infancy and setting these young girls up for disappointment? Women today have come along away from their 18th century counterparts. Women have fought for years to be able to vote, work, raise children as a lone parent and run a household. Women have gained their right to respect and independence in a world that is no longer dominated my males. These rights are marked as historic events that women are extremely proud of. However still today, when educating children we use â€Å"fairy tales† as means of communicating, although sometimes indirectly, the role women should play in life. For example, in fairy tales, the concept of beauty is outlined very clearly. Beauty is expressed as a physical necessity. The leading lady in the typical fairy tale is usually described and illustrated as a woman possessing features considered physically attractive to males, a thin figure, glowing skin, red lips, symmetrical facial features and well attired. In the classical tale of Sleeping Beauty Aurora has â€Å"red lips as red as the red red rose† fair skin, blue eyes long blonde hair and an impossibly thin figure. This seems to be the universal concept of what beauty is among all the fairy tales that Walt Disney have produced. This image of beauty is in stark contrast to the reality in which we live into today. This depiction of the need for beauty is not the only negative stereotype conveyed in fairy tales. Instead of being able to defend and stick up for themselves, women are forever relying on males to rescue them. Whether it be the ‘handsome prince charming’ or the father figure, a male, nevertheless is always there to save the day and resolve whatever predicament has arisen in order for all involved except the villain to live â€Å"happily ever after†. The act of stereotyping serves as a short-cut to the way that the majority of the population views our culture. Therefore, though we might not completely agree with the way in which gender roles are represented in these fairy tales, it still serves us well in a sense that we might gain a basic understanding of what it means to be a male and what it means to be a female. You read "Fairtale Essay" in category "Essay examples" Whether personally accepted or rejected, the notion of males being dominant and females being subordinate has been deeply embedded into our culture’s view of the gender roles. The villain is also an interesting stereotype which is evident in all fairy tales. Villains are portrayed as ugly, malicious, jealous characters. They are almost always characterised by being an evil step-mother, wicked queen, a witch or an evil mother in law. The job of the villain in a fairytale is to make life difficult for the leading protagonist. The queen in Basile’s version of Snow White is described as â€Å"a murderous and unnatural, unsexed anomaly who tricks Talia†¦ †(Warner ,1995,p. 220). However, evil they are, they always play a powerful female role in all the fairy tales I have chosen to discuss. To consider whether the portrayals of women in classic fairy tales are genuine role models for young girls, I will be examining and referring to the following books: Cinderella , Beauty and the Beast, The Little Mermaid, Sleeping Beauty, Snow White and the seven dwarfs, Mulan and Shrek. Certainly by examining classic fairy tales it is obvious that the central female character is continuously presented as being ‘beautiful’. In the classic tale of Beauty and the Beast, the story begins with â€Å"Once upon a time there lived a rich merchant with three pretty daughters. The youngest was the prettiest of the there and she was called beauty. † From the very beginning of the story, emphasis is put on how beautiful Belle is in the fairytale. The fact that the lead character is appreciated for her beauty alone speaks multitudes about the message the story gives out to its reader and indeed to young girls. â€Å"There is the threatened union of an almost supernaturally beautiful girl with a hideous monster. † (Iona,Peter, 1980,p. 180) The fairytale puts emphasis on how beautiful Belle is and how ugly the beast is. Similarly Sleeping Beauty â€Å"had a beautiful face and she thought beautiful thoughts†, Snow White â€Å"grew into a beautiful woman†, when Cinderella arrived at the ball everyone wondered â€Å"Who is that beautiful girl? † and The Little Mermaid was â€Å"the youngest, and most beautiful, daughter of Mer King. † The initial portrayal of these women is innocent and positive. Any young girl would aspire to possess such favourable qualities and attractiveness. Being beautiful and falling in love with prince charming, then living happily-ever-after, seems to be the most important outcome of these fairy tales. But the question we have to ask ourselves is -are these ‘harmless’ tales instilling false ideas of what life is like for children? One may not think that reading such biased material to a child could possibly have a lasting effect on their perceptions of how one should conform in society, however according to Bettelheim â€Å"A child trusts what the fairy tale tells, because its world view accords with his own† (Bettelheim, 1991, p. 45) The fairytale is so convincing to the child, as the tale matches the child’s thinking, approach and understanding of the world. Bettelheim states â€Å"these fairytales direct the child’s own thinking about his own development, permitting the child to draw his own conclusion†, yet since some classic fairy tales are known to display gender stereotyping, we must ask ourselves, what implication this has on children’s perspectives of specific gender roles in society if the child is drawing his/her own conclusion after reading the fairy tale. Fairy tales portray a black and white view of society. Males are frequently portrayed as the head of the family, who are physically and emotionally strong, and whose sphere exists outside of the home. Females are frequently portrayed as dependent, physically and emotionally weak, and belong inside the home. This depiction of the male and female roles sends a very false and blinding message to its audience. On the other hand it can be argued that stereotypes are a part of life/society. The act of stereotyping serves as a short-cut to the way that the majority of the population views our culture. Therefore, though we might not completely agree with the way in which gender roles are represented in these fairy tales, it still gives a basic understanding of what it means to be a male and what it means to be a female. A similar theme seems to run through all the fairy tales I have chosen. All of the female protagonists are punished in some way as a result of their physical fortune. In Snow White, the evil queen wants the â€Å"fairest of them all† so a search is sent for Snow White to be killed. Snow White ends up cleaning, tidying and cooking for seven dwarfs in the forest as payment for letting her stay. Similarly in Cinderella, the beautiful Cinderella is made servant to her step mother and step sisters. Cinderella is isolated in the house and ignored by her step sisters and step mother. Sleeping Beauty is cursed from the moment she was born as a result of her beauty. A wicked witch was furious that she wasn’t invited to the baby’s banquet so she put a spell on her to remain asleep for a hundred years. Belle in Beauty and the Beast finds herself in a similar situation; she is one of three sisters and the only one who cleans and cooks as a result of her misfortune. The women all have a variety of traits in common. All of the female characters I have mentioned display admirable qualities. All of the women are kind and gentle but these female characters are viewed as being passive and submissive. These women depend on the male characters in the tales to be either saved or to be happy. This sends out an extremely negative stereotype to young readers, presenting that women’s job in life is cook, clean and wait for â€Å"Prince Charming† to come in order to be happy. According to Bettelheim it is child’s life experiences that teach the child the right manner, he goes on to say â€Å"when children are young, it is literature that carries such information best. † (Tartar, 1999, p. 69) If this is the case then children reading heavily stereotyped tales from an early age will impact their manner and possibly the way they view the gender roles. Bettelheim also states that a child’s â€Å"mind is animistic† and children especially young girls are vulnerable to believing that being beautiful and meeting prince charming are key goals and will result in a â€Å"happily ever after. † West (2004) argues that â€Å"books are such a major influence in the formation of children’s values and attitudes that adults need to monitor nearly every word that children read. (Hunt, 1999, p. 5) If this is the case, should we be reading child fairy tales? It was the feminist movement that brought a closer examination of gender roles in fairytales. In Lissa Paul’s article she argues that â€Å"While children’s literature is predicated on the notion that children are essentially blank or naive and are in need of protection and instruction, then issues of suitability or unsuitability are important. † (Hunt, 1999, p121) This idea seems to be evident in feminist’s attitudes with regards the lead female character in fairy tales. Feminists feel that these women over rely on their beauty and each wait, in some way or another, for their Prince Charming to come rescue them. According to Lissa Paul’s article, while discussing Cinderella, she states that â€Å"Most of us- women, children and feminist critics, I imagine – don’t want to be seen valuing riches. Or princes for that matter† (Hunt, 1999, p. 112). However many of the fairy tales chosen for the essay have the common theme of a male hero rescuing or saving the female heroine in the story. They solely depend on the prince to come save them in the end. In Cinderella her family feels she is inferior to them and so she serves as a slave in her own home. â€Å"They were very unkind to her and ordered her about from morning until night. † She is too weak to stand up to them and so waits for a prince to come rescue her. Similarly in Sleeping Beauty she sleeps for one hundred years before a prince comes and rescues her, in Beauty and the Beast, Belle finally ends up with a handsome prince â€Å"the beast disappeared and in his place stood a handsome prince†. In Snow White after she ate the poison apple, she lay peacefully in her coffin until a prince fell in love with her and rescued her â€Å"she opened her eyes and on seeing the handsome prince she fell in love with him†. There is evidently a strong portrayal of physical beauty in these fairy tales and these images of the female protagonist gives a very weak and negative display of women’s abilities and aspirations. On the contrary, however, a very interesting aspect is in Beauty and the Beast. Belle demonstrates having a mind of her own compared to her female counterparts whose main focus was to find their handsome prince using their good looks. Belle looks beyond physical appearance and recognises the good man in the Beast â€Å"she has not mistaken a human lover for a monster, like Psyche, or failed to see a good man beneath the surface.. †(Warner, 1995,p. 307) This follows her gradual arousal of both attraction and sexuality for the Beast throughout the course of the fairytale until he unsurprisingly too turns into a handsome prince at the end. â€Å"Beauty’s wooer has the appearance of a monster, and only after Belle has overcome her aversion for his vile shape can the monster be seen to be a handsome prince. (Opie, 1980, p. 180) The notion of being socially stable is put forward to us. Once these women are saved by their ‘Prince Charming’ and fall in love with him, they are rewarded with a luxurious life as a princess and will ultimately ‘live happily ever after’. The Little Mermaid was written by Hans Christen Andersen in 1836 and was released by Walt Disney in 1989. This fairyt ale was hoped to go against the grain and portray a leading women who wasn’t submissive or passive but strong and independent and good role model of young children. The tale is about a young teenage mermaid, called Ariel, who doesn’t like her life under the sea and is much more fascinated by the human world. Regardless of her father’s warnings she exchanges her voice for legs with the evil witch to spend three days on land. She must make Prince Eric fall in love with her and kiss her or else she becomes the sea witch’s forever. The witch reassures her â€Å"the graceful form, the modest gait and speaking eyes. With such as these, it will easy to infatuate a vain human male† (Anderson, 1993,p. 8). It is clear from that short summary that the tale still managed to stereotype women. The message being sent out is that if Ariel relies on her beauty alone she will get the Prince to fall in love with her. Trites 1990 said, â€Å"Undoubtedly, feminists’ have criticized Ariel because she seems to have little ambition beyond getting her prince. † (http://charlottesmedia. blogspot. com/) The story of Mulan helped c hange the perception of women in Fairy tales but still managed to imply a message that women are inferior to men. Mulan is no one’s trophy and to me is the first groundbreaking Disney film to show a woman to be capable of taking the same roles of men. The story is based on a Chinese myth about a woman who saves china from the Huns. She goes to fight in the war instead of her father and displays traits that are stereotyped as only being male. She is a strong and a courageous woman and breaks social boundaries and expectations. However, Mulan is similar to Belle in Beauty and the Beast, as she too isn’t seen as acceptable in society and this idea of gender obligations is evident. Women ‘should’ be a homemaker and a wife, not cleaver and strong. Finally the film Shrek, created in the 22th century and displays beauty in a different way. Beauty is displayed on the inside in this new image of the princess, which I found to be really refreshing. The two leading characters are ogres. The film goes against the classical fairy tale characteristics. Princess Fiona is different from other princesses and does not wait for prince charming to rescue her. She is a dependent woman who is able to stand on her own two feet. She chooses Shrek as a husband and decides to live her own life as an ogre. This is a unique fairytale as Fiona overlooks physical beauty and is not saved by a male, which results in her having a better life. However she still does live her life as a princess. Unfortunately, many women today hold a â€Å"princess attitude†, and aspire to have a princess type of life. This attitude can be seen among some girls and young women. They often believe that marrying well, especially financially, is desirable, so they can easily live the life of a princess. This may very well be an effect caused by the women that are presented to us in these fairy tales since early childhood. Certainly a clear progression can be seen with regards the representation of women between the 17th-18th century fairy tales (Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty) and the 19th -22nd century fairy tales (Mulan, Shrek). I do appreciate that the morals and values are changing in regard to fairytales in recent years. As a whole, however, In my opinion I think that the fairy tales discussed portray a negative stereotype to young children and are not good role models. According to Zipes â€Å"We can continue to enjoy this harmless pastime of telling classical fairytales to our children, not realising the possible harm or harmlessness. Zipes, 2006,p. 57) Bibliography Andersen, H. C. Fairy Tales: The Little Mermaid, Bristol, Parragon Book Service Ltd, 1993. Bettelheim, B. The Uses of Enchantment: The Meaning And Importance Of Fairy Tales, England, Penguin, 1991. Charlotte’s media blog. available at http://charlottesmedia. blogspot. com/ accessed on 14/4/2012 Hunt, peter. Children’s Li terature, An illustrated History, Oxford, University Press,1995. Hunt, Peter. Understanding Children’s Literature, London, Routledge, 1999. Ladybird, Snow White And The 7 Dwarfs, Ladybird Ltd, 2005. Marsoli, L. A. Mulan, NY, Mouse Works, 1998. Opie, Iona ; Peter, The Classic Fairy Tales, USA, Oxford University Press, 1980. Soanes, Catherine, and  Angus Stevenson. Concise Oxford English dictionary. New York:  Oxford University Press,2012. Southgate, V. Beauty and the Beast, UK, Ladybird Books Ltd, 1988. Southgate, V. Cinderella, UK, Ladybird Books Ltd, 1982. Southgate, V. Sleeping Beauty, UK, Ladybird Books Ltd, 1984. Warner, M. Beast to the Blonde ,London, Vintage. 1995. Zipes, Jack. Fairy Tales and the Art of Subversion, New York, Routledge, 2006. Film: Shrek, Disney, 2001. How to cite Fairtale Essay, Essay examples

Diagnosis Antibiotic Stewardship Revisited -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Diagnosis Antibiotic Stewardship Revisited? Answer: Introduction The emerging resistance of the bacteria towards the antimicrobial therapy has leaded the awareness to reduce the overuse of the antibiotics in the treatment of the infectious disease. In spite of the use of the diagnostic marker in different fields of medicine, timely and accurate diagnosis of the bacteria induced disease remains a major challenge. There is a huge dearth in reliable microbiological and clinical parameters, which can be used to diagnose bacterial infection via ruling out other associated infection (1, 2). Inflammation markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) or White Blood Cells (WBC) lack the desired specificity required to detect the bacterial infection (3). In the midst of this diagnostic dilemma, procalcitonin (PCT) is regarded as the potential biomarker for the bacterial infection. PCT is produced via ubiquitous reaction in response to the mediators or endotoxins generated because of bacterial infection. Interleukins (IL), tumour necrosis factor (TNF) are chemica l mediators released because of the bacterial reactions and these mediators up regulate the concentration of PCT in blood. However, PCT is not suitable biomarker for viral infection because the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interferon gamma produced in response of viral propagation has been found to attenuate the synthesis of PCT. Nevertheless, this variance of up regulation and don regulation of PCT is used to discriminate between viral and bacterial infection (4-7). The concentration of PCT in blood increases with in 6 to 12 hours post bacterial stimulation and the concentration of circulating PCT decreases into half of the existing amount when the host immune system or antibiotics controls the infection. The amount of PCT in blood is co-related with the severity of infection and bacterial load (6-10). PCT exhibit high diagnostic performance for the differentiating blood stream infection and bacteraemia. It is also used to discriminate contamination of blood from true infection in the blood stream, which is common in patients having growth of coagulase-negative staphylococci (11). 0.1 micro gram per litre of PCT has extremely high sensitivity to selectively exclude true infection in the blood (11). A cut of 0.25 micro grams per litre of PCT is used to predict the level of bacterial load in patient with urinary tract infection (UTI). In case of infectious endocarditic, the circulating levels of PCT get increased in comparison to the non-infected patients (12). PCT is used as a prognostic marker for sever bacterial diseases having adverse outcome. However, localized infections do not certainly induce the concentration of PCT (13). In case of respiratory tract infections among the moderate risk patients, the charging and cessation of the antibiotic therapy is dependent on 4 different cut-off ranges. Initial administration of antibiotics is not recommended for the low risk patient with systemic infection of acute bronchitis or exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. On the other hand, repeated measurement and clinical re-evaluation of PCT are recommended after 6 to 24 hours if there is no spontaneous improvement of the clinical condition. Moreover, even after the initiation of the antibiotic therapy in response to the increased PCT, repeated PCT measurements are recommended. Such test must be conducted in every one to two days and must rely on the severity of the disease. The antibiotic discontinuation is done in response to a marked drop by 80% to 90% than the initial high levels. For high-risk patients in the ICU, discontinuation of antibiotic therapy if recommended if the PCT level gets decreas ed and patient experience clinical recovery (14). Summary of the Article The main objective of the study conducted by Sager, Kutz, Mueller and Schuetz published in the year of 2017 is he give a clear update to the clinical physicians regarding the present norms behind the PCT level and bacterial disease monitoring. The article here follows a meta analysis with a narrative review approach on the observational evidence interventional research articles published in-between 2012 and 2016. According to this paper, Procalcitonin-guided diagnosis and antibiotic stewardship revisited, the PCT cut-off in case of pulmonary infection must be less than 0.1-025 micro gram per litre in order to reduce the initiation of the antibiotic administration for the patient in emergency department of the hospitals and will have negligible adverse outcomes. The role of PCT is case of respiratory tract infection is extremely significant. PCT shows a firm impact on the detection and evaluation of the respiratory tract infection. The course of PCT acts as an important tool in dynami c monitoring. After the initiation of antibiotic, it is recommended to test the level of PCT after an interval of 3, 5 and 7 days. If the PCT levels are found decreasing, then the antibiotic cut-off must also be decreased following the same exponential range. However, if the PCT levels are found high, then the administration of the antibiotics can only be stopped if the PCT level gets decreased by 80 to 90 percent than the initial value. If the PCT levels are consistently high, even after the administration of the antibiotic then the treatment must be regarded as a failure. The likely hood of the bacterial infection increases in the respiratory tract when the PCT concentration in the blood is above 0.25 nago gram per milli litre. In case if cardiac complications, the range of PCT must be less than 0.25-0.5 micro gram per litre in order to reduce the initiation of the antibiotic administration for the patient in the primary care. It also helps in the detection of the bacterial super- infection in case if acute heart failure. For abdominal infection, the PCT guided antibiotic therapy leads to less antibiotic side-effects with no difference in the rate of mortality. For infection in the blood stream, sepsis, high PCT level has a direct sync with bacterial positive blood culture. In case of postoperative condition, low PCT level indicates the absence of the peri-operative infection and facilitates early discharge. The paper gives a comprehensive summary of the evidence behind the use of PCT as a biomarker for the diagnosis of the microbial disease and antibiotic stewardship in organ-related infections. Among the infectious disease, Meningitis, Pneumonia, Upper respiratory tract infection, severe sepsis or septic shock provide strong evidence in the favour of the use of PCT as the principal biomarker. On the other hand, PCT provides good evidence of the antibiotic regulation for acute bronchitis, exacerbation of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder), infection in the pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, congestive heart failure, abdominal infection, pancreatic infection, urinary tract infection and blood stream infection. Moderate evidence in favour of PCT exists in the diseases like post operative abdominal infection, endocarditis, appendicitis and arthritis. Neutropenia, in which the body has low level of neutrophill in blood due to certain infection, shows no evidence in favour of PCT. PCT-guided therapy helps to decrease the rate of antibiotic exposure via decreasing the initiation or the tenure of the antibiotic treatment. PCT also improves the overall disease management of the patients with lower respiratory tract infections, sepsis, unrinary tract infection, postoperative infections, meningitis and other bacterial super infection like pneumonia. Recording the levels of PCT post hospitalization substantially reduces the use of antibiotic in low-risk situations. For infections, PCT kinetics helped in cutting short the duration of the antibiotic treatment. These strategies are safe and do not increase the chances of mortality, recurrent infections, or failure of the treatment. Critical Evaluation of the Article According to me, this comprehensive review paper tried to clearly address the importance of monitoring the PCT level in blood during the management of the infectious disease. The paper also took a significant attempt to guide the clinicians to with the role of PCT in disease treatment and antibiotic administration. The authors here looked for the right and appropriate papers to perform this systemic review and have stringently cited recent studies conducted during the tenure of 2012 to 2016 focusing the role of PCT is disease treatment. All the important and relevant studies that have been conducted in this particular field are included in this research paper and clearly discussed in a collated manner. All the important outcomes, which are associated with the level of PCT in the blood are considered in detail and this include, the characterization of the infectious disease on the basis of their evidence in favour of PCT. The results obtained will be extremely useful for the healthcar e professionals show nurture a common aim of providing the patients a relief from the symptoms, which are arising out of the bacterial infection. Moreover, the results are precise and are represented in a tabular format, further making it easier for the reviewer to comprehend the data. However, I spotted certain loop holes in the study. The weakness of the study lies in the fact that it did not conduct a systematic review, rather selected articles in random from. Pubmed and hence the obtained conclusion is a bit enthusiastic or directed towards a single direction. Moreover, the selected papers did not blind investigators or patients and hence leading to possible chance of biasness. The meta analysis is performed over the research papers that are published during the tenure of 2012 and mid-2016. Papers before or after this particular time frame may have certain different approach on the PCT and its relation with biomarker of bacterial infection and hence, the possible conflicting data may have got missed. Moreover, the paper also failed to site a comparative analysis of the CRP and PCT and their role as a biomarker for infection and antibiotic stewardship. Moreover, the level of PCT in blood increases even in the absence of bacterial infection and such cases are com mon in patients with severe trauma or under post-operative condition (16). The paper only focused on the PCT as a biomarker for infection but failed to highlight the exceptional scenarios. In order to perform a comparative the study, the paper might have taken the approach as used by the paper Infection biomarkers in primary care patients with acute respiratory tract infectionscomparison of Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein, such comparative approach will help the clinicians to understand the relation between CRP and PCT and how their blood levels helps in ascertaining the chronicity of the infection. Summary and Discussion This narrative review put forward several interesting clinical settings for PCT-guided therapy. The therapy aims to decrease the level of antibiotic exposure via regulating the initiation or the duration of the overall treatment. PCT has been found to improve the overall management plan of the patients who are suffering from respiratory tract infections, septicaemia, UTIs, postoperative infections, meningitis and pneumonia. The reference of the PCT concentration in blood has helped to reduce the chances of initiation of strong antibiotic treatment in low-risk disease situations. In case of severe infections like pneumonia, antibiotic stewardship by regulating PCT kinetics helped in shortening the tenure of the antibiotic treatment and early cessation of therapy. These strategies are safe do not include the chance of mortality, recurrent infections and overall treatment failure. There lays a strong relation with the antibiotic stewardship in the field of respiratory infection and sepsis of the blood. However, the concentration of PCT in the blood and it relation with other types of infectious disease has not been studied in details for several other types of infections. Thus, the scope of the future research lies on the relation of the PCT levels in the antibiotic treatment of the non-respiratory infections. The scope will also fall under the domain of investigating whether the concentration of PCT improves the antibiotic decision making process in these patients (non-respiratory infections). PCT must also be tallied with other biomarkers for infection such as CRP, on the scale of diagnostic accuracy and cost-effectiveness. The emergence of multidrug resistance bacteria has led to generation of the urgency of designing effective plan to reduce prolong and unnecessary intake antibiotics. The condition will again be of prime importance in case of self-limiting nonbacterial diseases. The healthcare practitioner nurtures a common goal of achieving instant disease recovery via quick symptom relief in case of bacterial infection. In order to achieve the same, they administered high-dose antibiotic and the result is the generation of the multi-drug resistance bacteria ad recurrent infection. The importance of PCT lies in the fact that it promotes rational use of antibiotics in effective disease treatment. References Lee TH, Goldman L. Evaluation of the patient with acute chest pain. New England Journal of Medicine. 2000 Apr 20;342(16):1187-95. Agnelli G, Becattini C. Acute pulmonary embolism. New England Journal of Medicine. 2010 Jul 15;363(3):266-74. Mller B, Harbarth S, Stolz D, Bingisser R, Mueller C, Leuppi J, Nusbaumer C, Tamm M, Christ-Crain M. Diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of clinical and laboratory parameters in community-acquired pneumonia. BMC infectious diseases. 2007 Mar 2;7(1):10. Christ-Crain M, MuLLER BE. Procalcitonin in bacterial infections-hype, hope, more or less?. Swiss Medical Weekly. 2005 Aug 6;135(31-32):451-60. Christ-Crain M, Mller B. Biomarkers in respiratory tract infections: diagnostic guides to antibiotic prescription, prognostic markers and mediators. European Respiratory Journal. 2007 Sep 1;30(3):556-73. Linscheid P, Seboek D, Zulewski H, Keller U, Muller B. Autocrine/paracrine role of inflammation-mediated calcitonin gene-related peptide and adrenomedullin expression in human adipose tissue. Endocrinology. 2005 Jun 1;146(6):2699-708. Schuetz P, Christ-Crain M, Muller B. Procalcitonin and other biomarkers to improve assessment and antibiotic stewardship in infections--hope for hype?. Swiss medical weekly. 2009 Jun 13;139(23):318. Christ-Crain M, Stolz D, Bingisser R, Muller C, Miedinger D, Huber PR, Zimmerli W, Harbarth S, Tamm M, Muller B. Procalcitonin guidance of antibiotic therapy in community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized trial. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2006 Jul 1;174(1):84-93. Schuetz P, Christ-Crain M, Albrich W, Zimmerli W, Mueller B. Guidance of antibiotic therapy with procalcitonin in lower respiratory tract infections: insights into the ProHOSP study. Virulence. 2010 Mar 1;1(2):88-92. Schuetz P, Suter-Widmer I, Chaudri A, Christ-Crain M, Zimmerli W, Mueller B. Prognostic value of procalcitonin in community-acquired pneumonia. European Respiratory Journal. 2011 Feb 1;37(2):384-92. van Nieuwkoop C, Bonten TN, van't Wout JW, Kuijper EJ, Groeneveld GH, Becker MJ, Koster T, Wattel-Louis GH, Delfos NM, Ablij HC, Leyten EM. Procalcitonin reflects bacteremia and bacterial load in urosepsis syndrome: a prospective observational study. Critical care. 2010 Nov 17;14(6):R206. Knudsen JB, Fuursted K, Petersen E, Wierup P, Mlgaard H, Poulsen SH, Egeblad H. Procalcitonin in 759 patients clinically suspected of infective endocarditis. The American journal of medicine. 2010 Dec 31;123(12):1121-7. Hugle T, Schuetz P, Mueller B, Laifer G, Tyndall A, Regenass S, Daikeler T. Serum procalcitonin for discrimination between septic and non-septic arthritis. Clinical Experimental Rheumatology. 2008 May 1;26(3):453. Schuetz P, Albrich W, Mueller B. Procalcitonin for diagnosis of infection and guide to antibiotic decisions: past, present and future. BMC medicine. 2011 Sep 22;9(1):107. Meili M, Kutz A, Briel M, Christ-Crain M, Bucher HC, Mueller B, Schuetz P. Infection biomarkers in primary care patients with acute respiratory tract infectionscomparison of Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein. BMC pulmonary medicine. 2016 Mar 24;16(1):43. Hunziker S, Hgle T, Schuchardt K, Groeschl I, Schuetz P, Mueller B, Dick W, Eriksson U, Trampuz A. The value of serum procalcitonin level for differentiation of infectious from noninfectious causes of fever after orthopaedic surgery. JBJS. 2010 Jan 1;92(1):138-48.

Language Of Battle Essays - English Grammar, Axiology, Ethics

Language of Battle The Language Battle In todays society there are two philosophical views that have become enemies and are constantly battling it out. These two views are from the prescriptivists and the descriptivists. The prescriptivists believe that there is a certain way that language should be written, and that language follows a certain set of rules believed to be prestigious. The descriptivists believe that language is described with the use of certain use of words and syntax. Since, todays society has had many technological advances many tend to lean more towards the descriptivists way of thinking. Many people believe that if a person has a higher educational level that they would most likely have a higher prestige in the way that they talked or presented themselves. In a survey that was recently taken on dialect 100% of the people said that the sentence The land was given to Susan and me. Is correct. The prescriptivists way of thinking prevailed in this form of dialect. One sentence that made most people think was This is the play in which he preformed in. The prescriptivists point of view was put into play in this situation. Only 40% of the people picked up on the fact that this sentence ended with a preposition and 60% said that there was nothing wrong and that is how they would say it. The other speech form that was most diverse was the plural of you. The prescriptivists say that the correct answer is you all. Only 30% of the people got this question right. The most common was the answer yall by 40% of the people. 20% of the people said you guys and 10% said your. Again wi th educational level the descriptivists way seems to prevail. Since the times have changed so much with all the technological advances language has changed in time too. As people started to age the answers started to be very different. On the question that asked what is the name of the object that a baby is brought home in from the hospital if it had wheels and could be taken for a walk. I found that the age groups from 15-20, 21-30, and 31-40 100% called it a stroller. In the 41-50 age group 50% said buggy and 50% called it a pram. The older people in the 60+ group 100% called it a carriage. The term carriage is one that is a lot older and not used very often. When asked, what utensil is used to fry food in? The older 60+ age group 100% said it was called a skillet, but the other age groups referr

Ronald Reagan and the Rise of the Radical Right essays

Ronald Reagan and the Rise of the Radical Right essays Religious and Secular Conservative Politics in America 1960 and its subsequent decades proved to be a remarkable time for the world in general, but very specifically for America. The first Roman Catholic president was elected; the birth control pill was introduced, and we confronted the question of nuclear war. We also saw the emergence of the Civil Rights Movement, the Anti-War Movement and the Womens Rights Movement as we learned first-hand and up close and personal about civil disobedience and political assassinations. During this period, the conservative right was an anti-communist movement that promoted conservatism in government; increased military spending; withdrawal from the United Nations and reducing government funded social programs. They viewed the student demonstrations against the Vietnam War as a communist plot, as were the Civil Rights Movement and the Womens Rights Movement. Conservative Americans called the changes that we sought, and the questions that we asked, un-American and un-patriotic. Eisenhower had disappointed the conservative right. William Buckley charged that he had done nothing for the Republican Party and nothing to develop a Conservative Republican philosophy of government and had, in fact, left the New Deal policies of FDR intact. The election of Kennedy had been a move away from the status quo of the Eisenhower years. He established the Commission on the Status of Women and appointed Eleanor Roosevelt the chair. The Supreme Court issued its ruling banning prayer in public schools. The FDA approved the sell and marketing of the birth control pill. The Equal Pay Act, the first major legislation against sex discrimination was passed and other initiatives for combating sex discrimination were being discussed. The Berlin Wall was build and American pilot Frances Gary Powers was shot down in the U-2 spy plane incident. Perhaps mo...

E-marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

E-marketing - Essay Example To prove my point I will not only discuss the theoretical aspect of it but will also discuss a case study from the tourism industry. E-marketing is not a different subject altogether. It is built on existing marketing theories. It only incorporates the emerging body of e-business, e-commerce and e-marketing in the light of the difference between internet and other Medias. Background The innovation in technology and the ways in which we interact with them has changed dramatically. These days’ people just go to internet to save some time and do shopping online. People these days use internet as social and professional networking. People use internet via web or mobile to spend time and for entertainment where they don’t want to be interrupted by marketing messages. With the onset of e-marketing marketplace actually transform into electronic market space, already inhabited by more than a billion customers. Keeping in view the scale and benefits of it most customers now spen d a good part of their life in virtual world. So contacting customer in this wired up world is the need of the hour. For this particular reason I have selected the marketing tool, promotion, how it is being used in e-marketing. In this ever increasing virtual world customers are using automated tools to find the best fit for their needs. They have this luxury of having access to a variety of options available to them. They can choose whatever product or service best suits their demand. Marketers need to adapt to this new change and analyze demand by consumers for online services and must strive to meet them. In this report I will analyze how this e-marketing has affected the tourism industry especially in reference to promotion. Promotion... These days’ people just go to the internet to save some time and do shopping online. People these days use the internet as social and professional networking. People use the internet via web or mobile to spend time and for entertainment where they don’t want to be interrupted by marketing messages. With the onset of e-marketing marketplace actually transform into electronic market space, already inhabited by more than a billion customers. Keeping in view the scale and benefits of it most customers now spend a good part of their lives in the virtual world. So contacting the customer in this wired up world is the need of the hour. For this particular reason, I have selected the marketing tool, promotion, how it is being used in e-marketing. In this ever increasing virtual world customers are using automated tools to find the best fit for their needs. They have this luxury of having access to a variety of options available to them. They can choose whatever product or service best suits their demand. Marketers need to adapt to this new change and analyze demand by consumers for online services and must strive to meet them. In this report, I will analyze how this e-marketing has affected the tourism industry especially in reference to promotion. Promotion although is one of the founding pillars of every product and service but its importance relevant to tourism industry cannot be denied. Tourism is one industry where it is needed the most.

BP Company Oil Spills Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

BP Company Oil Spills - Case Study Example Furthermore, this oils pill led to numerous ethical issues that BP should have addressed, some of this issues are discussed below.   The independent scientists and other examiners were denied the opportunity to research and determine the rate at which the oil was spilling by the BP Company. The scientists would have reduced the impact of the oil spill to the community if they would have been given the chance to assess the rate of the spill. Having said this, the ethical issue is, if indeed BP Company denied the independent scientist the opportunity of to examine the extent of the damage caused by the oil spill, then how would the company get to know where the problem was and come to effective conclusions. In addition, it was quite surprising that the government was unable to process the needs of the press and newsmakers to be able to enter into the site that had caused this damage, even though BP Company could have had various reasons for this, it was not fair since it did not follow a transparent process. Therefore, the ethical issue here is that there was no disclosure of information by both the company and the US government to the citizens thus making them to â€Å"stay in the dark.† Moreover, the legal security in the Mexican Gulf is incomplete as well as incomprehensive since it did not raise any penalty to the company for causing health and mental related damages to the wildlife living in that area (Freudenburg & Gramling 2011). Therefore, there is an ethical issue of the lack of animal and wildlife protection regulation that would punish the company. In addition, the company did not appropriately take charge of the oil spill situation since they did not give any warnings to the public. Ethically, the company was supposed to show great sorrow and regret as well as the oil spill tragedy instead of engaging itself in multiple blame games.

Moral Dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Moral Dilemma - Essay Example (Moral Dilemmas: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Therefore, it makes good sense to state that for a given agent, under a set of given circumstances, there are reasons to do either A or B, and this even when it is a fact that one set of reasons may be stronger than the other. (Foot, 2003) Does this mean, for a fact, that all moral dilemmas end up with a residue of guilt (Moral Dilemmas and Moral Ambiguity) This is a situation which in essence constitutes a real life moral dilemma: a woman, who is six months pregnant, discovers that she has bowel cancer. She must undergo treatment for the same, which is chemotherapy, but at the same time, she has been informed that the treatment would most probably end up deforming her unborn baby. Should the woman decide to go ahead with the chemotherapy, thus taking a chance with her unborn baby, or must she opt to wait for the baby to be born in order to start treatment, which may in fact endanger her own life What are the ethical issues involved in such a case, and what is the moral dilemma that the woman is facing at the present time The main issue or moral dilemma would be whether the woman must opt to have the chemotherapy or not. What then would be the alternatives for the unfortunate woman What are the different ethical issues that would be involved in the alternative courses of action for the woman Is it possible for the woman to be able to reason out, eventually, which horn of the moral dilemma would in fact be the best choice possible (Moral Dilemmas and Moral Ambiguity) What are the ethical issues involved in this case What, as a matter of fact, is referred to as 'ethics', and what is 'morality' How can an individual behave in a moral and in an ethical manner Today, especially, these issues and other similar ones seem to be overtaking the people, and most especially, younger people, who are faced with rapid changes and developments in all aspects of life. For example, one issue that has been in the forefront for some time is that of 'bioethics'. This is an extremely difficult field, because it is almost all the time concerned with some of the subjects that trouble man the most, life, death, the nature of both, what sort of life is actually worth living, what exactly constitutes murder, how exactly one must treat individuals who are in constant and relentless pain, what sort of responsibilities does one human being have towards another, and so on and so forth. (Issues in Bioethics, ethical dilemmas in biology and medicine) The other topic that seems to be the cause of several rancorous debates between groups of people is that of abortion of the fetus, pregnancy choices of a woman and other related issues. Medical treatments is also one issue that troubles many people, and the related topics here would be what is death, and what exactly constitutes the state of death Is there a bright line of sorts that would identify and state that this is what death is (Issues in Bioethics, ethical dilemmas in biology and medicine) As a matter of fact, doctors are faced all the time with moral dilemmas, and as far as Western medicine is concerned, the doctor-patient relationship gives rise to the 'principle of not doing any harm' or what is known as 'non-malfeasance'.

Functions in the Human Body

Functions in the Human Body Part A Digestive System The digestive system is the system of organs that takes food in, the digestive system is a set of organs that transforms whatever we eat into substances that can be used in the body for energy, growth and repair. The main functions of the digestive system are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and defection. Ref: (Class Notes 2015) Explain the functions of each part of the digestive system identified in the diagram above? The Mouth The mouth is the first portion of the alimentary canal that receives food and saliva. The oral mucosa is the mucous membrane epithelium lining the inside of the mouth. The tongue is a muscular organ and has many taste buds, which are accountable for the tastes: sweet, sour, bitter and salt. You would get a range of different flavours as the tongue moves the food around the mouth. The food in your mouth moves from tooth to tooth to have it made into a pulp with the aid of saliva. The tongue would then pass the pulp (bolus) down the throat. There are four types of teeth. Individually they have their own functions in the breakdown of food. The first would be the incisors, there are four in each jaw. They are sharp, chisel shaped teeth that are used for cutting and biting. Next to these on both sides are the canines, canines are cone shaped teeth frequently called the eye-tooth. They have a sharp point and you would use them to tear food. There’s to in each jaw. Next are the premolars, there are four of them in each jaw, they would be used for crushing and crunching of food. There blunt broad teeth with two sharp ridges. Molars are similar to premolars and are six to each jaw, they are also blunt broad teeth but have a larger surface area. Each has four surface points. The salivary glands there are three parts of the salivary gland you have the parotid gland that is situated below the ear, the submandibular and the sublingual gland, they are situated below the tongue. Liquid called saliva is secreted from them. It contains water, mucus and the enzyme salivary amylase. The function of saliva is to lubricate the food with mucus, making it easier to swallow. The Oesophagus It’s a muscular tube that leads from the pharynx to the stomach. The food moves through it by a muscular contraction known as peristalsis. It’s part of the digestive system. It is the tube that carries food from your mouth to the stomach. The muscles contract and relax creating a wave like motion on the tube. The lining of the oesophagus secretes mucus to ease and oil the passage of food. Once food touches the end of the oesophagus it presses against the cardioesophageal sphincter. The Stomach The stomach is a C-shaped elastic sac. The wall of the stomach is a grouping of layers of muscle fibre with an inner mucous membrane. The mucous membrane has a lot of doublings called rugae. When the stomach is full is will stretch out allowing expansion, then it would contract when it empties. When the stomach is full it can hold up to approx. 4 litres (1 gallon) of food. The Liver The liver has numerous functions, its main function inside the digestive system is to process the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine. Bile from the liver secreted into the small intestine also plays a significant role in digesting fat. The liver only makes bile. The Gallbladder The gallbladder is a pear-shaped deep structure located under the liver and on the right side of the abdomen. Its main function is to store and concentrate bile, a yellow / brown digestive enzyme formed by the liver. The gallbladder is part of the biliary tract. The Pancreas The pancreas is a greyish pink gland organ it’s placed in the upper abdomen, it lies behind the stomach and intestines (guts). It is roughly the size of a hand. The pancreas has to major functions, one of them is to make digestive enzymes which help us to digest food. Enzymes are special chemicals which help speed up your body’s processes. The second one makes hormones which regulate our metabolism. Hormones are chemicals that can be released into the bloodstream. The Large Intestine The large intestine is a thick tube that’s approximately 1.5 metres (5 feet) long it receives waste from the small intestine, it hangs around the small intestine in an arch shape. It involves the caecum, colon, rectum, and the anal canal. The colon holds bacteria which breaks down any remaining food and makes some significant vitamins. It also deals with waste within the body. Small Intestine The small intestine is approximately six metres (18 feet) long. 90% of the digestive process takes place here in the small intestine. It’s a coiled tube that has three parts which are the duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum. The wall of the whole of the small intestine is significantly folded, each of the villi contains more projections called microvilli that absorbs food and passes it onto the capillaries. Muscles of the walls contract and relax so that the villi sway about. Appendix The appendix is a narrow tube attached to caecum and it is about 9 cm long. The appendix is not a vital organ you can live without it. The appendix sits at the junction of the small intestine and the large intestine, the appendix sits in the lower right abdomen. The function of the appendix is unknown. A theory is that the appendix acts as a storehouse for good bacteria â€Å"rebooting† the digestive system after diarrheal illnesses. Rectum The rectum is a short straight section of the alimentary canal, it leads from the colon to the anus and thus to the outside world. A human rectum is approximately 12cm long.The rectum is a chamber that begins at the end of the large intestine. It is usually empty only receiving the contents of the colon called faeces when they are ready to be passed out of the anus. The Anus The anus starts at the bottom of the rectum. The anorectal line separates the anus from the rectum. Tissue called fascia surrounds the anus and joins it to nearby structures. Circular muscles named the external sphincter form the wall of the anus and hold it closed. The glands in your body discharge fluid into the anus to keeps it surfaces moist. Outline the composition of Proteins, Fats and Carbohydrates, and explain how each of them are digested and absorbed by the body. Proteins, fats and carbohydrates are all in the body. Protein helps the body to grow, it builds muscle and gives you energy. Protein accounts for 16% of a person’s total body weight the reason for this is because connective tissue, skin, hair and muscle are all made up from protein. Carbohydrates are sugars the body uses for energy, simple carbohydrates give the body quick energy. Fat is also another way it helps the body grow, your body needs fat to process vitamins. Polyunsaturated and monosaturated fats are good for your body. Source Function Digestion Proteins Fish Red Meat Beans Dairy Products The functions of protein are to help the body to grow and repairs any damage done to your body .i.e. Cuts. The Stomach – the enzymes pepsin begins the digestion of proteins in the stomach breaking it down into large polypeptides. The Small Intestine- enzymes from the pancreas, trypsin, and chymotrypsin break the large polypeptides into smaller chains. Finally the small intestine breaks up the small polypeptides into individual amino acids ready for absorption. Fats Dairy Products Meat Olive oil Avocados Sunflower oil The functions of fat are to help the body grow. In the small intestine, fat are emulsified by bile salts from the liver. Lipase from the pancreas breaks down fat into fatty acids and glycerol ready for absorption. Carbohydrates Rice Potatoes Pasta Cereals Flour The functions of carbohydrates are a release of energy Salivary amylase creates the breakdown of polysaccharides in the mouth. Part B Draw a diagram of a typical cell, and state the function of each of its organelles? Cells are the most important units of life. Our bodies contain over 100 trillion cells, they do everything in a human body from providing structure and stability to providing energy and a means of reproduction. Ref: (Class Notes 2015) Cell membrane The cell membrane forms the outer edge of the cell and allows certain materials move in or out of the cell. Cytoplasm Cytoplasm is a gel-like material inside the cell that contains water and nutrients for the cell. Nucleus The nucleus directs the activity of the cell and contains chromosomes with DNA that contains all genetic information. Nuclear Membrane Nuclear membrane separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. Ribosomes Ribosomes make protein for the cell. Golgi Body Golgi bodies are used in the cell for packaging and secreting of energy. Lysosomes Lysosomes are chemicals that are used to digest waste. Vacuoles Vacuoles are storage areas for the cell. Mitochondria Mitochondria breaks down food and releases energy to the cell, it’s like a powerhouse as it provides the cell with energy. Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum moves materials around the cell. Classify tissues into the four main groups; epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous, give an example of each? (Table format will suffice) There are four main tissue groups within the body, there are some functions and examples below for the four main groups of tissue within the body. All four cells work together in the body. Type Of Tissue Function Example Epithelial The functions of the epithelial are that the epithelial cell from the skin protects underlying tissue from injuries, harmful chemicals, invading bacteria and excessive loss of water. A sensory stimulus penetrates specialised epithelial cells. Epithelial tissue is widespread throughout the body and aid protection absorption and secretion, it’s made of closely packed cells. The cells are arranged in continuous flat sheets. They form the covering of all body surfaces. Connective The function of the connective tissue is to join bodily structures like bones and muscles together and it holds the tissue together in their place. Connective tissue connects all other tissues in the body. It consists of many different types of cells in the body and is surrounded by non-living fluid. Muscle The functions of muscle tissue are that muscle tissue is a soft tissue that composes muscles and provides rise to muscles. Muscle tissue varies with function and location in the body. Muscle tissue is tissue that contracts and relax there are 3 types in the body, the skeletal muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue and cardiac muscle tissue. Nervous The functions of nervous tissue are to form communications network of the nervous system by conducting electric signals. The nervous tissue forms the organs of the nervous system it’s made up of a special kind of cell called a neuron it’s also called a nerve cell. Nerve cells are long and narrow. A human has 100 billion nerve cells. Ref: (Class Notes 2015) (www.google.co.uk) Explain the difference between benign and malignant tumours? A tumour develops when a group of cells escape from their normal orderly process of cell division and they begin to multiply in an uncontrolled way, after a while plenty of these abnormal cells will be produced to form a lump, that is called a growth or a tumour. Two important differences between benign and malignant tumours are invasion and spread. Benign Benign tumours do not spread they can grow to a very large size, but it wouldn’t go to other parts of the body. Benign tumours push the surrounding normal tissues and organs out of their way. Occasionally pressure from a benign tumour could damage surrounding structures but the benign tumour never invades into those structures. There are several hundred different types of benign tumours that can develop in our bodies. Malignant Malignant Tumours have the power to spread by sending off seelings of tumour which can pass through the blood or lymphatic system to other parts of the body. The Seedlings would then settle in other organs and form what are called secondary tumours or metastases. A malignant brain tumour is a fast-growing cancer that spreads to other parts of the brain and spine, brain tumours are graded between 1 and 4, and a malignant brain tumour is either grade 3 or 4. Most malignant tumours are secondary cancers that mean it starts in one part of the body and spreads to the brain. The primary tumours are the ones that start in the brain. The word cancer only relates to malignant tumours. With malignant tumours it eats away and destroys the normal tissue around the affected area in which it has started off at. The difference between benign and malignant tumours is that a benign tumour is non-cancerous were as a malignant tumour is cancerous. If has nothing to do with frequency in some of the organs of the body, benign tumours can be very large in size were a cancerous tumour can be very small. Ref: (Class Notes 2015) (www.google.co.uk) Part C Label the urinary system using the diagram overleaf. The urinary system is one of the human’s body’s waste disposal units and its filtration unit. It contains the kidneys, ureters (tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder), the bladder and the urethra. The urinary system helps empty the body from potentially harmful waste substances like urea and alcohol. It does this through filtration and excretion. Explain the structure and function of each element of the urinary system? The urinary system consists of the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder and the urethra. The major function of the urinary system is to get rid of all waste products and excess fluid from the body. The kidneys are the main organs of the urinary system. The urinary system produces a hormone which is responsible for controlling the rate at which red blood cells are made and an enzyme is responsible for controlling blood pressure. Inside each kidney there are approximately 1 million tiny nephrons, they are the units that clean the blood. All of the functions are needed for helping the body to maintain homeostasis also known as balance. Urinary System Structure Function Kidneys The structures of the urinary system are the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra they all work together in the body. The kidneys are dark red, bean-shaped organs, it’s about 11cm long Inside each kidney there a 1 million tiny nephrons. The functions of the kidneys that they filter blood in order to get rid of wastes and excess water. The waste and water would be excreted as urine. The kidneys filter about 200 quarts of blood a day and produces about 2 quarts of waste and extra fluid. Ureters The structure of the ureters is that the ureters are tubes made up of smooth muscle fibers that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. The functions of the ureters is that the ureters is the tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder, all humans have two ureters one is attached to each kidney. Bladder The structures of the bladder is that sometimes it’s called the urinary bladder it’s a sac-like organ in the pelvic cavity. The functions of the bladder are the bladder is a reservoir for urine. The bladder has an internal sphincter that relaxes when the walls contract, thus opening and emptying the urine into the urethra. Urethra The structure of the urethra is that it’s a narrow tube passing from the bladder to the outside of the body. It’s shorter in women making them more susceptible to infection. The function of the urethra is to take urine from inside the body (the bladder) to outside. In men the urethra is the passage for semen. Ref: (www.google.co.uk) (Class Notes 2015) Draw the structure of a nephron and explain how it produces urine? A nephron is an important functional part of the kidneys. Both kidneys have around a million minute nephrons. Nephrons reside in the cortex and medulla it produces urine from filtrate, filtrate is the fluid that remains in the nephron after filtration its then removed from the bloodstream passing it to the bladder, a nephron is an intricate structure in the body it serves two purposes it filters and removes waste products and maintains the body’s water supply. Ref: (Class Notes 2015) Name and explain three diseases / disorders which affect the urinary system? There are a lot of diseases and disorders that affect the urinary system in different ways. Kidney Stones Kidney stones are deposits of substances found in urine and would form solid stones in the renal pelvis, bladder or the ureters. It can be extremely painful and if they needed removing it would be done by surgery. Glomerulonephritis Glomerulonephritis is a type of glomerular kidney disease in the kidneys the filters become inflamed and scarred and would slowly lose their ability to remove waste and excess fluid from the blood to produce urine. Cystitis Cystitis is an inflammation on the bladder and would cause a person pain when passing urine. Sometimes it’s caused from infection. It’s very common in women because of the part of the shorter length of the female urethra. Ref: (Class Notes 2015) Nicole O’Brien

Maligning Female Roles in Shakespeares Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Macbeth's Female Roles      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The female roles in William Shakespeare's Macbeth are those of the witches, more supernatural than human, Lady Macbeth and Lady Macduff, the latter being presented in a minor, almost insignificant way. This paper will explore the role of Lady Macbeth and only make slight comment on the witches.    Fanny Kemble in "Lady Macbeth" finds that the main female role could have ended in madness due to the evil tendencies of the lady:    Lady Macbeth, even in her sleep, has no qualms of conscience; her remorse takes none of the tenderer forms akin to repentance, nor the weaker ones allied to fear, from the pursuit of which the tortured soul, seeking where to hide itself, not seldom escapes into the boundless wilderness of madness. A very able article, published some years ago in the National Review, on the character of Lady Macbeth, insists much upon an opinion that she died of remorse, as some palliation of her crimes, and mitigation of our detestation of them. That she died of wickedness would be, I think, a juster verdict. Remorse is consciousness of guilt . . . and that I think Lady Macbeth never had; though the unrecognized pressure of her great guilt killed her. (116-17)    In "Memoranda: Remarks on the Character of Lady Macbeth," Sarah Siddons comments on how the feminine role of the leading lady is not a typical one as regards attitude:    [Macbeth] announces the King's approach; and she, insensible it should seem to all the perils which he has encountered in battle, and to all the happiness of his safe return to her, -- for not one kind word of greeting or congratulations does she offer, -- is so entirely swallowed up by the horrible design, which has probably been suggested to her by his letters, as to have forgotten both the one and the other. It is very remarkable that Macbeth is frequent in expressions of tenderness to his wife, while she never betrays one symptom of affection towards him, till, in the fiery furnace of affliction, her iron heart is melted down to softness. (56)    Clark and Wright in their Introduction to The Complete Works of William Shakespeare contradict the impression that the female protagonist is all strength:    Lady Macbeth is of a finer and more delicate nature. Having fixed her eye upon the end - the attainment for her husband of Duncan's crown - she accepts the inevitable means; she nerves herself for the terrible night's work by artificial stimulants; yet she cannot strike the sleeping king who resembles her father.

Meaning of Life and Fast Lane Essay

Good coop, bad coop situation. leave well enough alone | let well enough alone Meaning: If you leave well enough alone, or let well enough alone, you don’t try to improve or change something that’s already good enough. For example: The kids seem happy enough now so let’s just leave well enough alone and forget about finding a new school for them.? skate on thin ice- Meaning: If you’re skating on thin ice, you’re doing something risky, or you’re in a situation that could quickly become dangerous. Jockey for position- Meaning: If you jockey for position, you try to get yourself in a good position in relation to others who’re competing for the same opportunity or the same goal. let the cat out of the bag – Meaning: If you let the cat out of the bag, you let someone know a secret. You could have knocked me over with a feather. – Meaning: You can say â€Å"you could have knocked me over with a feather† to show how surprised you were when something happened, or when you heard about something. add fuel to the fire If you add fuel to the fire, you do something to make a bad situation even worse. ahead of the game You are ahead of the game if you have an advantage over your competitors in any activity in which you try to do better than others, such as in business, academia, sports, etc. all the rage Informal If something is all the rage, it’s very popular or it’s in fashion at the moment. asking for trouble If someone is asking for trouble, they’re doing something risky that could lead to a problem. itchy feet Informal If you have itchy feet, you feel the need to go somewhere different or do something different. in the long run If you talk about something â€Å"in the long run†, you mean over a long period of time. At cross-purposes If you’re at cross-purposes with someone, you think you’re both talking about the same thing but you’re actually talking about different things. at loose ends If you’re at loose ends, you feel restless and unsettled because you don’t have anything to do. a blessing in disguise You can say something is a blessing in disguise if it appears to be bad at first, but it results in something very good in the end. back to square one If you have to go back to square one, you have to stop and start again, usually because something isn’t working as well as expected. bite your tongue | hold your tongue If you bite your tongue, or hold your tongue, you force yourself not to say something you really want to to say. the icing on the cake | the frosting on the cake If something is the icing on the cake, or the frosting on the cake, it makes a good situation or a good result even better. joie de vivre If you have joie de vivre, you feel the joy of living. make hay while the sun shines If you make hay while the sun shines, you make good use of the chance to do something while it lasts. Fast friends good, loyal friends. The two of them had been fast friends since college. See also: friend fast one a clever and devious trick. (Compare this with pull a fast one. ) That was a fast one. I didn’t know you were so devious. This was the last fast one like that you’ll ever catch me with. life in the fast lane a very active or possible risky way to live. (See also in the fast lane. ) Life in the fast lane is too much for me. See also: lane, life make short work of something to deal with or finish something quickly We made short work of the food that was put in front of us. fast and furious if an activity is fast and furious, it is done quickly and with a lot of energy The first half of the game was fast and furious with both teams scoring three goals each. Ngn av dessa till din story a queer fish Meaning: If someone’s a queer fish, they are a bit strange and can sometimes behave in an unusual way. For example:Your great grandfather was a queer fish, Johnny. He used to write funny poems and then he’d read them aloud to everyone on the train on his way to work let the cat out of the bag Meaning: If you let the cat out of the bag, you let someone know a secret. For example: We’d planned a surprise party for Donna, but some guy she works with let the cat out of the bag, so now she knows.? Don’t forget that this is a secret, so whatever you do, don’t let the cat out of the bag.? †There? s an elephant in the room† – Meaning: If you make a killing, you make a lot of money from a sale or a deal of some sort. For example: My aunt made a killing when she bought some shares in a company as soon as they were issued, and sold them a few weeks later for three times what she paid.? Lots of people made a killing when property values went so high back in the nineties. †Bark is worse than his bite†, †put your money where your mouth is† – prove it.. alot of not air? all hell broke loose Meaning: You can say â€Å"all hell broke loose† if a situation suddenly became violent or chaotic. Bad news travels fast ’ â€Å"Bad news† means news about â€Å"bad† things like accidents, death, illness etc. People tend to tell this type of news quickly. But â€Å"good news† (passing an exam, winning some money, getting a job etc) travels more slowly. Least said soonest mended Possible interpretation: When we do or say something bad to someone, a long apology and discussion does not help. In such a case, the less we say the better. It’s written all over your face. If you say â€Å"it’s written all over your face†, you’re saying that the expression on someone’s face is showing their true feelings or thoughts. Group 20 ENOUGH IS ENOUGH Words Relating to More Than Enough (did you get it? ) ample copious lavish myriad plethora profuse prolific superfluous surfeit Memory tips: use these mnemonics (memory devices) to boost your vocabulary. Make up your own memory clues for words in this lesson that are personally challenging. Add these tips-and your own-to your Vocabulary Notebook. Copious let yourself see the word copies within copious, and think â€Å"lots of copies. † Certainly â€Å"lots of copies† leads to the defining ideas of abundant and plentiful. Plethora Let the ple lead you to plenty. When you write plethora in your Vocabulary Notebook, underscore the ple with a colored pen or marker. Superfluous The prefix super means over and above. This knowledge is helpful because superfluous means â€Å"above what is needed; extra. â€Å" Surfeit Like super-, sur- is also a prefix meaning over and above. So a surfeit is an amount over and above what is needed. Using apperception, (http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/apperception) link a word you most likely already know, surplus, to the new word, surfeit. These two-syllable synonyms even have the same number of letters! Solidify the meaning of surfeit in your memory. Ample think of the word sample but get rid of the S. and since Ample means more than enough you can think of many samples! Lavish think of marangsvisch with lakris sas! And put the letters LA from the word Lakris instead of S. Profuse(overflodande) think about refuse and proactive, because proactive is â€Å"overflowing† with vitamins. Change the re to pro Prolific, the word productive has the same meaning, so take the PRO from productive and add it with lyric which at least makes me think of lific. So think productive lyric. Myraid (skiftande mangd) think My ride†¦ Group 19 (2nd cluster for Fall Term) Wonderful You Are! Words Relating to Praise and Respect (did you get it? ) Acclaim accolade adulate esteem eulogize exalt extol laud panegyrize revere venerate Laud If you know applaud, then simply connect the new word laud to the word you already know, applaud. The meanings of these two verbs are closely connected. Plaudits means praise. Revere You remember Paul Revere from American History, right? Now, I am sure you’ll agree that it’s only right to respect, or revere one of our nation’s Founding Fathers! Another tip: you can repeat this chant to yourself over and over â€Å"Revere the Reverend. Revere the Reverend. Revere the Reverend† Acclaim think of ass, but with cc, and slajm (slaim)! Accolade think of assa, but with cc and chocolade Adulate ad-ul-ate Esteem think of S team, but with double e Eulogize think ekoloogisk / EU logisk Exalt think Exaltera, without era, since exalterad means vara upprymd like exalt. Extol, ex stol Panegyrize think, pannkakor & risgrynsgrot Venerate Think â€Å"ata vanner†, but switch place, let vanner lead you 2 Vener, and ata-ate.

Agoraphobia †An overview

Agoraphobia is a state of having an intrinsic fright of attending crowded areas, civic places, or open spaces, and at times comes with anxiety assaults. However, the terminology is extensively misinterpreted. Its wordy meaning implies an apprehension of â€Å"open spaces†. Notwithstanding, it is not an appropriate way and rather ambiguous mode of looking at it.Agoraphobics are not generally and frequently afraid of open spaces. They are rather fearful of undergoing panic-stricken emotions, whatever place or wherever time such fearful feelings may possibly engender. For many, this takes place at home, in community gathering or worship places, or in jam-packed supermarkets, places that are certainly not â€Å"open†.In reality, agoraphobia is a state which takes over when an individual shuns spaces or state of affairs that induce anxiety. typical â€Å"phobic situations† might contain circumstances like driving, shopping, crowded places, traveling, standing in line, being alone, meetings and social gatherings. (Nayman 2010)Experts say that agoraphobia occurs due to inner nervousness conditions which later develop so extreme that the sufferer turns paranoid of going in places where panic feelings or anxiety arise. Once the panic attacks begin, these occurrences turn into an ongoing strain.This normally directs an increase in the numbers of panic attacks and, for some individuals, a surge in such situations or events can produce panicky feelings. A handful might experience apprehensive feelings constantly, more emotions of overall distress, instead of panic.Therefore, agoraphobia is both – an intense form and a phobia, besides being a prototype of a shunning behavior. (Nayman 2010) Some agoraphobics may suffer from this phobia so ruthlessly that they totally housebound themselves, due to which they rarely go outside.Many people consider agoraphobia as contradictory to claustrophobia (fear of being locked in closed spaces, e.g. elevators) – however, it is not merely a fright of open spaces.Agoraphobia may cause due to the fear of leaving outdoors, a sort of open space – but it is NOT an anxiety of being in vast openness and without walls, a roof or other peripheries, etc. This trepidation of going outdoors offshoots from an anxiety of being humiliated, cornered and vulnerable someplace while having a panic attack that is never thought to occur within one’s own home. (Gournay 1989)According to the estimates of National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), in America around 3.2 million Americans suffer from agoraphobia. The normal age of the beginning of agoraphobia is 20 years.The Causes:Professionals are not as confident and certain as to what are the exact causes of agoraphobia. Many assume that it might be a product of physical (excessive anxiety) and/or psychological factors how it is connected to an anxiety disorder.Many people suffering from panic disorder will ultimately develop a state of ag oraphobia, because normally agoraphobics undergo a panic attack or disorder which with the passage of time turns into an intense phase of anxiety. The condition might become a traumatic health and social phase that anxiety ridden individuals end up find them trapped in. (Gournay 1989)History of Agoraphobia:In the mid 1960's Agoraphobia was termed as a ‘Phobic Anxiety Disorder’ A prominent German neurologist Westphal was the first to coin the word in 1871. Westphal emphasized on the significance of anxiety interconnected with the condition.Later researches prove that mostly women as compared to men go through this kind of phobia. (depressionguiude.com) phobia.depression-guide.com/agoraphobia.html Physical symptoms of agoraphobia: Sufferers happen to undergo the symptoms when they experience such situations or surroundings that induce anxiety in them.Physical indications may be uncommon since a number of agoraphobic individuals evade situations which they perceive will ac tivate panic. However, if symptoms do appear, they might include: Increased heart beat and an increased breathing rate (hyperventilating).Feeling hot, going red, Stomach upset, Diarrhea, trouble swallowing, breaking out in a sweat, nausea, shivering, trembling, dizziness, feeling light headed, if about to faint, & ringing in the ears. (medicalnewstoday.com)Psychological Symptoms:The Psychological symptoms are sometimes related to the physical symptoms of the phobia which might include:Anxiety that people will take in observation a panic attack, which results in disgrace and discomfiture. Fear that they would be unable to breathe throughout a terror assault, their heart my stop working, or, resulting in their death. Fright that the sufferer himself/herself is going wild and out of control. Other exclusive possible psychological symptoms may include: decrease in morale and self-esteem, out of control sensation, stress, general feeling of dread and anxiety. Thinking that without the he lp of others the sufferer himself/herself would never be able to function or survive.   Dread of being left alone. (medicalnewstoday.com)Behavioral symptoms:Behavioral symptoms of agoraphobia may be:Dodging – Escaping from surroundings and situations that may prompt anxiety. In some instances this may be moderate, in which the patent shuns all crowded and public places.In extreme episodes, he/she totally house bounds him/herself, or ties at the hip of a close friend or loved one. Avoids going in a crowded train. In some very intense occurrences the person can't leave the house or considers it impossible to do so.Encouragement – the sufferer direly needs encouragement or reassurance from someone very close. He/she might go out to shops or marketplaces provided a trustworthy friend comes along too. On the contrary, in acute instances the sufferer can't bear or stand being alone at all.Safety measures – needing to take along some items in order to confront or fac e boldly the environment or places triggering anxiety. For instance, some of such individuals need to have an alcoholic drink before stepping into a crowded place, while others may not go outside until they are sure to keep their tablets along.  Run away – escaping or running away from nerve-racking places or situations straight away and going back home. (medicalnewstoday.com)How To Identify Agoraphobic Students And Assist Them To Learning Better:A handful of American students in their final years leave their studies due to agoraphobia, & of course no individual or student in a class room student can stand being tagged as an â€Å"agoraphobic patient† or a â€Å"sufferer†.Fortunately, we have school psychologists working with great concerns on such matters, even though the process of identifying such agoraphobic students is not a herculean task, because the indications or symptoms are conspicuous enough to pin point such individuals.The course teachers can be of great help for the psychologists seeking agoraphobic students in academia. Once identified, the process of helping them do better in their educational lives is discussed below.Case Study And Treatment Of The Disorder:Consider the instance of scottfin, a high school student about how she overcame this disorder.â€Å"I am not a teen anymore, but I remember having terrible panic attacks in class. I didn't know what they were. Now don't laugh or maybe you should, but I thought I was being possessed by the devil. Don’t know why I thought that, but I didn't have anything to base what I was going through on. I finally got help from a doctor, and he put me on medication.It made them disappear. It was a huge relief. I later learned that it is very common. I hope you will be able to get some help, and get on with your life. I want you to know it does get better. Hang in there. The teen years are hard enough, but then to have this on top of it is intolerable. I wish you the best!â⠂¬ This shows that this phobia can be treated if the sufferer is ready to coordinate. And as stated earlier school therapists can do a lot to treat agoraphobics via helping them develop coping skills to curb their fright and anxiety. Systematic desensitization, a sort of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), is a viable behavioral method used to cure agoraphobics.It is based on the foundation of getting the person relaxed, asking him/her to then ponder over the gears of the phobia, operating from the slightest fearful to the most fearful. Ongoing and Steady introduction to real life phobias is also a method deployed which has practically aided patients to conquer the fears.(Eisenstadt 2003) According to some findings at National Institute of Mental Health, approx 75% agoraphobics having specific phobias shed their fears through this method of cognitive-behavioral therapy. (psychologistanywhereanytime.com)Anti-apprehension and anti- trauma remedies are often prescribed to help reduce the indicators’ toll on this disorder. Some drugs which facilitate in controlling the operation of serotonin (brain’s secretion controlling transmissions relating mood changes) are often prescribed. Nonetheless, these prescriptions do not crack the phobia wholly; it can decrease unease so that the sufferer can handle the phobia.Hypnotherapy or Hypnosis is another method in which patients are made to speak about their intrinsic frights being in a subconscious state. It can prove an effective therapeutic technique used by clinical psychologists. (Eisenstadt 2003)Another famous technique to heal the disorder is called Emotional Freedom Techniques, which is assumed to be one of the most viable forms of psychological treatments. It is a method widely accepted by doctors all over the world.However, this must be taken into account that during the handling of agoraphobia, the counselor or psychiatrist might have to travel with the sufferer or spend time with him/her personally maintain a therapeutic distance.