Essay on Small Business - 1238 Words

Small Business 2 In accessing the Equal Employment Opportunity Office (EEOC) website, I found it very hard to find a clear and concise reason as to why small businesses were treated differently than the larger businesses and why the law would differentiate between them. These smaller organizations are sometimes treated differently by the EEOC because they lack the resources that most large companies possess. Most small businesses cant afford to hire the best qualified people that larger businesses can and do. They may not be able to hire people that fit into the different classes (EEOC, 2008). For example, they may want to hire someone with a disabili ty but really can t afford to because they would have to make†¦show more content†¦There are many Small Business 4 different laws that are enforced by EEOC for small businesses one of which is the Title VII of the Civil Rights of 1964. This law makes it illegal to discriminate against any person based on race, color, religion, national origin, or sex. This law also makes it unlawful to retaliate against a person because the person complained about discrimination or filed a charged of discrimination (Laws Enforced by EEOC). Equal Pay Act of 1963 law is equally important to small businesses. This law makes it unlawful to pay different salaries to men and women when they both are performing the exact same job. The Equal Pay Act does not exclude all disparities in wage rates paid men and women but only those disparities based only on gender (Twomey, D, and Jennings, M.M., 2011, p. 848). Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, this law also enforced by the EEOC is intended to protect individuals who are 40 years or older from discrimination because of age. It covers all private employers with 20 or more employees (small business) (Anderson, R.A., Fox, 1., Twomey, D.P., and Jennings, M.M., 1993). Title I and Title V of the Americans with Disabilities Act 1990. This is also administered by the EEOC to aid small businesses. This law makes it illegal to discriminate against a qualified person with a disability in the private sector asShow MoreRelatedEssay On Small Business1382 Words   |  6 PagesServiced Office Spaces Benefit Small Businesses Serviced offices are becoming more and more attractive to small business owners especially those operating in U.S main cities such as New York, Kansas, Los Angeles, Miami and Las Vegas among many others. One can easily access prestigious rental serviced office spaces like the ones we offer in the heart of Midtown Manhattan. Furthermore, serviced office spaces located in trendy and upmarket areas provide start-ups and small companies the chance to raiseRead MoreBenefits Of A Small Business2005 Words   |  9 PagesI. 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Nowadays there are many independent businesses running both online and offline such as online shops, restaurant, saloon, etc. Some may think that it is just a part-time job to have an extra salary, but the truth is, we can get a large amount of incomes if we have a good man agement skill. Establishing a small business can be easy or hard dependingRead MoreBusiness Strategy Of Small Business1321 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Small business can be kept up by individual or accessories by putting their shares in an association. The capital for little endeavors is not high to accomplish wide edges in the business segment. At the point when appeared differently in relation to medium scale and significant scale business financing, little scale business needs to oblige its business operations inside the limited measure of capital. 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Oedipus Reaction Paper - 639 Words

Reaction Paper on Oedipus The King World Literature Oedipus the King, also known by the as Oedipus Rex, is an tragedy written by Sophocles. It was the second of Sophocles s three Theban plays to be produced, together with Oedipus at Colonus and then Antigone. Oedipus Rex chronicles the story of Oedipus, a man who becomes the king of Thebes who was destined from birth to murder his father Laius and marry his mother Jocasta. The play is an example of a classic tragedy, noticeably containing an emphasis on how Oedipus s own faults contribute to the tragic hero s downfall, as opposed having fate be the sole cause. Oedipus the King shows us unity of time, place, and action. The play focuses on Oedipus s search for the killer of King†¦show more content†¦Oedipus pride and arrogance prevented him from being able to understand the truth, and he continued to blindly target others for the blame. Anagnorisis refers to recognition oneself and what one stands for. The description fits Oedipus realization of his mistaken self-image and recognition of his true self-identity. It comes at the end of the interview with the Theban shepherd about Oedipus true identity. Peripeteia means a reversal of intention or a turning point. In Oedipus this happens when the Messenger shows up from Corinth. The man tries to ease the King s mind by telling him that he s not really Polybos s son. Though the Messenger intends only good things with this information, it ends up being the thing that drives Oedipus toward his horrible fate. Catharsis describes an emotional release that leads to cleansing and healing. The description fits Theban King Oedipus self-blinding. He released many emotions upon discovering that he is the prophesied killer of his father and husband of his mother. He the emotional experience into healing by taking away the sight that gets in the way of processing what is staring him directly in the face at every unfortunate turn in his life. 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Fairtale Essay Free Essays

string(45) " be a male and what it means to be a female\." One of the most well known, well loved and influential genre of literature is the fairy tale. A fairy tale is defined by the Oxford dictionary as â€Å"A children’s story of magical and imaginary beings and lands†. Overtime the concept of fairy tales has changed. We will write a custom essay sample on Fairtale Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Fairy tales are being re-written and re-illustrated constantly, which makes fairy tales appealing to every generation. Fairy tales broaden the imagination of children. They allow us gain an insight into a world of magic and adventure- a world we will never experience but fantasize about. â€Å"Fairy tales are nothing if not realistic: and it is their cynicism that keeps them lively. (Opie, 1980, p. 19) â€Å"A characteristic of the fairy tale, as told today, is that it is unbelievable. Although a fairy tale is seldom a tale about fairy-folk and does not necessarily even feature a fairy, it does contain an enchantment or other supernatural element that is clearly imaginary. † (Opie, 1980 p. 18). The origin of fairy tales is commonly unknown and more often than not never discovered by the reader. French writers Catherine Bernard, Marie-Jeanne Lheitier, Marie-Catherine d’Aulnoy are believed to be â€Å"chiefly responsible for the establishment of the fairytale as a lite racy genre in Europe. (Zipes, 2006,p. 13) of the 1960s. However, it was Italian writers Giovan Francesco Straparola and Giambattista Basile who played a major role in the rise of literacy in Europe. â€Å"This is one of the best kept secrets that is well worth unlocking because it reveals just how closely tied the literacy fairy tale as genre is to spread of the civilizing process throughout Europe. †(Zipes, 2006, p. 13) However, it was the influence of Boccaccio’s Decamerone that led to the production of various collections of ‘novelle’ that had an impact on the literacy fairy tale as a short narrative. Straparola was the first to publish his collection â€Å"Le piacevoli notti (1550 and 1553) from the example Boccaccio had set. Straparola was different from previous writers. He was the first European writer â€Å"to adapt many tales from oral tradition, creating approximately fourteen literacy fairy tales in his collection of seventy four novella. † (Zipes, 2006, p. 14) Straparola’s work caused some controversy and at one time one of his collections was banned by the pope in 1791. This was due to themes which Straparola had included in his work. He introduced â€Å"plain earthy language† and â€Å"critical view of power struggles in Italian society†. Basile shared similar views on power and civility. (Zipes, 2006). Even form this early stage, fairy tales have always been connected to power, social class and gender stereotyping. Both Straparola and Basile recognised that Italian principalities were being damaged through family conflicts, the change in commerce and trade and war. They used fairy tale’s as a written means of broaching their concern over the unexpected change of norms on human behaviour. Although time passes and things change, fairytales have not dated. The classic fairy tales that Basile and Straparola once told are still being told to children today all over the world. Thanks to the origination of the fairytale by Straparola and Basil â€Å"we still rely on its narrative strategy to see how dangerous it is to think that we live in more civilized and better world than the realms of the past. †(Zipes, 2006) For centuries young children have been enthralled by fairy tales. Tales of witches, wizards, princes and princesses, fairy godmothers and villains alike have been influencing how children view the world around them. This appears particularly true in the case of young girls, with whom these stories seem to resonate. However living in a contemporary 22nd century society the question needs to be posed; are these stories, written centuries ago, still providing a relevant and realistic portrayal of female role models to the youth of today? Or are these folktales of ‘prince charming’ and ‘happily ever afters’ corrupting ideals from infancy and setting these young girls up for disappointment? Women today have come along away from their 18th century counterparts. Women have fought for years to be able to vote, work, raise children as a lone parent and run a household. Women have gained their right to respect and independence in a world that is no longer dominated my males. These rights are marked as historic events that women are extremely proud of. However still today, when educating children we use â€Å"fairy tales† as means of communicating, although sometimes indirectly, the role women should play in life. For example, in fairy tales, the concept of beauty is outlined very clearly. Beauty is expressed as a physical necessity. The leading lady in the typical fairy tale is usually described and illustrated as a woman possessing features considered physically attractive to males, a thin figure, glowing skin, red lips, symmetrical facial features and well attired. In the classical tale of Sleeping Beauty Aurora has â€Å"red lips as red as the red red rose† fair skin, blue eyes long blonde hair and an impossibly thin figure. This seems to be the universal concept of what beauty is among all the fairy tales that Walt Disney have produced. This image of beauty is in stark contrast to the reality in which we live into today. This depiction of the need for beauty is not the only negative stereotype conveyed in fairy tales. Instead of being able to defend and stick up for themselves, women are forever relying on males to rescue them. Whether it be the ‘handsome prince charming’ or the father figure, a male, nevertheless is always there to save the day and resolve whatever predicament has arisen in order for all involved except the villain to live â€Å"happily ever after†. The act of stereotyping serves as a short-cut to the way that the majority of the population views our culture. Therefore, though we might not completely agree with the way in which gender roles are represented in these fairy tales, it still serves us well in a sense that we might gain a basic understanding of what it means to be a male and what it means to be a female. You read "Fairtale Essay" in category "Essay examples" Whether personally accepted or rejected, the notion of males being dominant and females being subordinate has been deeply embedded into our culture’s view of the gender roles. The villain is also an interesting stereotype which is evident in all fairy tales. Villains are portrayed as ugly, malicious, jealous characters. They are almost always characterised by being an evil step-mother, wicked queen, a witch or an evil mother in law. The job of the villain in a fairytale is to make life difficult for the leading protagonist. The queen in Basile’s version of Snow White is described as â€Å"a murderous and unnatural, unsexed anomaly who tricks Talia†¦ †(Warner ,1995,p. 220). However, evil they are, they always play a powerful female role in all the fairy tales I have chosen to discuss. To consider whether the portrayals of women in classic fairy tales are genuine role models for young girls, I will be examining and referring to the following books: Cinderella , Beauty and the Beast, The Little Mermaid, Sleeping Beauty, Snow White and the seven dwarfs, Mulan and Shrek. Certainly by examining classic fairy tales it is obvious that the central female character is continuously presented as being ‘beautiful’. In the classic tale of Beauty and the Beast, the story begins with â€Å"Once upon a time there lived a rich merchant with three pretty daughters. The youngest was the prettiest of the there and she was called beauty. † From the very beginning of the story, emphasis is put on how beautiful Belle is in the fairytale. The fact that the lead character is appreciated for her beauty alone speaks multitudes about the message the story gives out to its reader and indeed to young girls. â€Å"There is the threatened union of an almost supernaturally beautiful girl with a hideous monster. † (Iona,Peter, 1980,p. 180) The fairytale puts emphasis on how beautiful Belle is and how ugly the beast is. Similarly Sleeping Beauty â€Å"had a beautiful face and she thought beautiful thoughts†, Snow White â€Å"grew into a beautiful woman†, when Cinderella arrived at the ball everyone wondered â€Å"Who is that beautiful girl? † and The Little Mermaid was â€Å"the youngest, and most beautiful, daughter of Mer King. † The initial portrayal of these women is innocent and positive. Any young girl would aspire to possess such favourable qualities and attractiveness. Being beautiful and falling in love with prince charming, then living happily-ever-after, seems to be the most important outcome of these fairy tales. But the question we have to ask ourselves is -are these ‘harmless’ tales instilling false ideas of what life is like for children? One may not think that reading such biased material to a child could possibly have a lasting effect on their perceptions of how one should conform in society, however according to Bettelheim â€Å"A child trusts what the fairy tale tells, because its world view accords with his own† (Bettelheim, 1991, p. 45) The fairytale is so convincing to the child, as the tale matches the child’s thinking, approach and understanding of the world. Bettelheim states â€Å"these fairytales direct the child’s own thinking about his own development, permitting the child to draw his own conclusion†, yet since some classic fairy tales are known to display gender stereotyping, we must ask ourselves, what implication this has on children’s perspectives of specific gender roles in society if the child is drawing his/her own conclusion after reading the fairy tale. Fairy tales portray a black and white view of society. Males are frequently portrayed as the head of the family, who are physically and emotionally strong, and whose sphere exists outside of the home. Females are frequently portrayed as dependent, physically and emotionally weak, and belong inside the home. This depiction of the male and female roles sends a very false and blinding message to its audience. On the other hand it can be argued that stereotypes are a part of life/society. The act of stereotyping serves as a short-cut to the way that the majority of the population views our culture. Therefore, though we might not completely agree with the way in which gender roles are represented in these fairy tales, it still gives a basic understanding of what it means to be a male and what it means to be a female. A similar theme seems to run through all the fairy tales I have chosen. All of the female protagonists are punished in some way as a result of their physical fortune. In Snow White, the evil queen wants the â€Å"fairest of them all† so a search is sent for Snow White to be killed. Snow White ends up cleaning, tidying and cooking for seven dwarfs in the forest as payment for letting her stay. Similarly in Cinderella, the beautiful Cinderella is made servant to her step mother and step sisters. Cinderella is isolated in the house and ignored by her step sisters and step mother. Sleeping Beauty is cursed from the moment she was born as a result of her beauty. A wicked witch was furious that she wasn’t invited to the baby’s banquet so she put a spell on her to remain asleep for a hundred years. Belle in Beauty and the Beast finds herself in a similar situation; she is one of three sisters and the only one who cleans and cooks as a result of her misfortune. The women all have a variety of traits in common. All of the female characters I have mentioned display admirable qualities. All of the women are kind and gentle but these female characters are viewed as being passive and submissive. These women depend on the male characters in the tales to be either saved or to be happy. This sends out an extremely negative stereotype to young readers, presenting that women’s job in life is cook, clean and wait for â€Å"Prince Charming† to come in order to be happy. According to Bettelheim it is child’s life experiences that teach the child the right manner, he goes on to say â€Å"when children are young, it is literature that carries such information best. † (Tartar, 1999, p. 69) If this is the case then children reading heavily stereotyped tales from an early age will impact their manner and possibly the way they view the gender roles. Bettelheim also states that a child’s â€Å"mind is animistic† and children especially young girls are vulnerable to believing that being beautiful and meeting prince charming are key goals and will result in a â€Å"happily ever after. † West (2004) argues that â€Å"books are such a major influence in the formation of children’s values and attitudes that adults need to monitor nearly every word that children read. (Hunt, 1999, p. 5) If this is the case, should we be reading child fairy tales? It was the feminist movement that brought a closer examination of gender roles in fairytales. In Lissa Paul’s article she argues that â€Å"While children’s literature is predicated on the notion that children are essentially blank or naive and are in need of protection and instruction, then issues of suitability or unsuitability are important. † (Hunt, 1999, p121) This idea seems to be evident in feminist’s attitudes with regards the lead female character in fairy tales. Feminists feel that these women over rely on their beauty and each wait, in some way or another, for their Prince Charming to come rescue them. According to Lissa Paul’s article, while discussing Cinderella, she states that â€Å"Most of us- women, children and feminist critics, I imagine – don’t want to be seen valuing riches. Or princes for that matter† (Hunt, 1999, p. 112). However many of the fairy tales chosen for the essay have the common theme of a male hero rescuing or saving the female heroine in the story. They solely depend on the prince to come save them in the end. In Cinderella her family feels she is inferior to them and so she serves as a slave in her own home. â€Å"They were very unkind to her and ordered her about from morning until night. † She is too weak to stand up to them and so waits for a prince to come rescue her. Similarly in Sleeping Beauty she sleeps for one hundred years before a prince comes and rescues her, in Beauty and the Beast, Belle finally ends up with a handsome prince â€Å"the beast disappeared and in his place stood a handsome prince†. In Snow White after she ate the poison apple, she lay peacefully in her coffin until a prince fell in love with her and rescued her â€Å"she opened her eyes and on seeing the handsome prince she fell in love with him†. There is evidently a strong portrayal of physical beauty in these fairy tales and these images of the female protagonist gives a very weak and negative display of women’s abilities and aspirations. On the contrary, however, a very interesting aspect is in Beauty and the Beast. Belle demonstrates having a mind of her own compared to her female counterparts whose main focus was to find their handsome prince using their good looks. Belle looks beyond physical appearance and recognises the good man in the Beast â€Å"she has not mistaken a human lover for a monster, like Psyche, or failed to see a good man beneath the surface.. †(Warner, 1995,p. 307) This follows her gradual arousal of both attraction and sexuality for the Beast throughout the course of the fairytale until he unsurprisingly too turns into a handsome prince at the end. â€Å"Beauty’s wooer has the appearance of a monster, and only after Belle has overcome her aversion for his vile shape can the monster be seen to be a handsome prince. (Opie, 1980, p. 180) The notion of being socially stable is put forward to us. Once these women are saved by their ‘Prince Charming’ and fall in love with him, they are rewarded with a luxurious life as a princess and will ultimately ‘live happily ever after’. The Little Mermaid was written by Hans Christen Andersen in 1836 and was released by Walt Disney in 1989. This fairyt ale was hoped to go against the grain and portray a leading women who wasn’t submissive or passive but strong and independent and good role model of young children. The tale is about a young teenage mermaid, called Ariel, who doesn’t like her life under the sea and is much more fascinated by the human world. Regardless of her father’s warnings she exchanges her voice for legs with the evil witch to spend three days on land. She must make Prince Eric fall in love with her and kiss her or else she becomes the sea witch’s forever. The witch reassures her â€Å"the graceful form, the modest gait and speaking eyes. With such as these, it will easy to infatuate a vain human male† (Anderson, 1993,p. 8). It is clear from that short summary that the tale still managed to stereotype women. The message being sent out is that if Ariel relies on her beauty alone she will get the Prince to fall in love with her. Trites 1990 said, â€Å"Undoubtedly, feminists’ have criticized Ariel because she seems to have little ambition beyond getting her prince. † (http://charlottesmedia. blogspot. com/) The story of Mulan helped c hange the perception of women in Fairy tales but still managed to imply a message that women are inferior to men. Mulan is no one’s trophy and to me is the first groundbreaking Disney film to show a woman to be capable of taking the same roles of men. The story is based on a Chinese myth about a woman who saves china from the Huns. She goes to fight in the war instead of her father and displays traits that are stereotyped as only being male. She is a strong and a courageous woman and breaks social boundaries and expectations. However, Mulan is similar to Belle in Beauty and the Beast, as she too isn’t seen as acceptable in society and this idea of gender obligations is evident. Women ‘should’ be a homemaker and a wife, not cleaver and strong. Finally the film Shrek, created in the 22th century and displays beauty in a different way. Beauty is displayed on the inside in this new image of the princess, which I found to be really refreshing. The two leading characters are ogres. The film goes against the classical fairy tale characteristics. Princess Fiona is different from other princesses and does not wait for prince charming to rescue her. She is a dependent woman who is able to stand on her own two feet. She chooses Shrek as a husband and decides to live her own life as an ogre. This is a unique fairytale as Fiona overlooks physical beauty and is not saved by a male, which results in her having a better life. However she still does live her life as a princess. Unfortunately, many women today hold a â€Å"princess attitude†, and aspire to have a princess type of life. This attitude can be seen among some girls and young women. They often believe that marrying well, especially financially, is desirable, so they can easily live the life of a princess. This may very well be an effect caused by the women that are presented to us in these fairy tales since early childhood. Certainly a clear progression can be seen with regards the representation of women between the 17th-18th century fairy tales (Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty) and the 19th -22nd century fairy tales (Mulan, Shrek). I do appreciate that the morals and values are changing in regard to fairytales in recent years. As a whole, however, In my opinion I think that the fairy tales discussed portray a negative stereotype to young children and are not good role models. According to Zipes â€Å"We can continue to enjoy this harmless pastime of telling classical fairytales to our children, not realising the possible harm or harmlessness. Zipes, 2006,p. 57) Bibliography Andersen, H. C. Fairy Tales: The Little Mermaid, Bristol, Parragon Book Service Ltd, 1993. Bettelheim, B. The Uses of Enchantment: The Meaning And Importance Of Fairy Tales, England, Penguin, 1991. Charlotte’s media blog. available at http://charlottesmedia. blogspot. com/ accessed on 14/4/2012 Hunt, peter. Children’s Li terature, An illustrated History, Oxford, University Press,1995. Hunt, Peter. Understanding Children’s Literature, London, Routledge, 1999. Ladybird, Snow White And The 7 Dwarfs, Ladybird Ltd, 2005. Marsoli, L. A. Mulan, NY, Mouse Works, 1998. Opie, Iona ; Peter, The Classic Fairy Tales, USA, Oxford University Press, 1980. Soanes, Catherine, and  Angus Stevenson. Concise Oxford English dictionary. New York:  Oxford University Press,2012. Southgate, V. Beauty and the Beast, UK, Ladybird Books Ltd, 1988. Southgate, V. Cinderella, UK, Ladybird Books Ltd, 1982. Southgate, V. Sleeping Beauty, UK, Ladybird Books Ltd, 1984. Warner, M. Beast to the Blonde ,London, Vintage. 1995. Zipes, Jack. Fairy Tales and the Art of Subversion, New York, Routledge, 2006. Film: Shrek, Disney, 2001. How to cite Fairtale Essay, Essay examples

Diagnosis Antibiotic Stewardship Revisited -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Diagnosis Antibiotic Stewardship Revisited? Answer: Introduction The emerging resistance of the bacteria towards the antimicrobial therapy has leaded the awareness to reduce the overuse of the antibiotics in the treatment of the infectious disease. In spite of the use of the diagnostic marker in different fields of medicine, timely and accurate diagnosis of the bacteria induced disease remains a major challenge. There is a huge dearth in reliable microbiological and clinical parameters, which can be used to diagnose bacterial infection via ruling out other associated infection (1, 2). Inflammation markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) or White Blood Cells (WBC) lack the desired specificity required to detect the bacterial infection (3). In the midst of this diagnostic dilemma, procalcitonin (PCT) is regarded as the potential biomarker for the bacterial infection. PCT is produced via ubiquitous reaction in response to the mediators or endotoxins generated because of bacterial infection. Interleukins (IL), tumour necrosis factor (TNF) are chemica l mediators released because of the bacterial reactions and these mediators up regulate the concentration of PCT in blood. However, PCT is not suitable biomarker for viral infection because the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interferon gamma produced in response of viral propagation has been found to attenuate the synthesis of PCT. Nevertheless, this variance of up regulation and don regulation of PCT is used to discriminate between viral and bacterial infection (4-7). The concentration of PCT in blood increases with in 6 to 12 hours post bacterial stimulation and the concentration of circulating PCT decreases into half of the existing amount when the host immune system or antibiotics controls the infection. The amount of PCT in blood is co-related with the severity of infection and bacterial load (6-10). PCT exhibit high diagnostic performance for the differentiating blood stream infection and bacteraemia. It is also used to discriminate contamination of blood from true infection in the blood stream, which is common in patients having growth of coagulase-negative staphylococci (11). 0.1 micro gram per litre of PCT has extremely high sensitivity to selectively exclude true infection in the blood (11). A cut of 0.25 micro grams per litre of PCT is used to predict the level of bacterial load in patient with urinary tract infection (UTI). In case of infectious endocarditic, the circulating levels of PCT get increased in comparison to the non-infected patients (12). PCT is used as a prognostic marker for sever bacterial diseases having adverse outcome. However, localized infections do not certainly induce the concentration of PCT (13). In case of respiratory tract infections among the moderate risk patients, the charging and cessation of the antibiotic therapy is dependent on 4 different cut-off ranges. Initial administration of antibiotics is not recommended for the low risk patient with systemic infection of acute bronchitis or exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. On the other hand, repeated measurement and clinical re-evaluation of PCT are recommended after 6 to 24 hours if there is no spontaneous improvement of the clinical condition. Moreover, even after the initiation of the antibiotic therapy in response to the increased PCT, repeated PCT measurements are recommended. Such test must be conducted in every one to two days and must rely on the severity of the disease. The antibiotic discontinuation is done in response to a marked drop by 80% to 90% than the initial high levels. For high-risk patients in the ICU, discontinuation of antibiotic therapy if recommended if the PCT level gets decreas ed and patient experience clinical recovery (14). Summary of the Article The main objective of the study conducted by Sager, Kutz, Mueller and Schuetz published in the year of 2017 is he give a clear update to the clinical physicians regarding the present norms behind the PCT level and bacterial disease monitoring. The article here follows a meta analysis with a narrative review approach on the observational evidence interventional research articles published in-between 2012 and 2016. According to this paper, Procalcitonin-guided diagnosis and antibiotic stewardship revisited, the PCT cut-off in case of pulmonary infection must be less than 0.1-025 micro gram per litre in order to reduce the initiation of the antibiotic administration for the patient in emergency department of the hospitals and will have negligible adverse outcomes. The role of PCT is case of respiratory tract infection is extremely significant. PCT shows a firm impact on the detection and evaluation of the respiratory tract infection. The course of PCT acts as an important tool in dynami c monitoring. After the initiation of antibiotic, it is recommended to test the level of PCT after an interval of 3, 5 and 7 days. If the PCT levels are found decreasing, then the antibiotic cut-off must also be decreased following the same exponential range. However, if the PCT levels are found high, then the administration of the antibiotics can only be stopped if the PCT level gets decreased by 80 to 90 percent than the initial value. If the PCT levels are consistently high, even after the administration of the antibiotic then the treatment must be regarded as a failure. The likely hood of the bacterial infection increases in the respiratory tract when the PCT concentration in the blood is above 0.25 nago gram per milli litre. In case if cardiac complications, the range of PCT must be less than 0.25-0.5 micro gram per litre in order to reduce the initiation of the antibiotic administration for the patient in the primary care. It also helps in the detection of the bacterial super- infection in case if acute heart failure. For abdominal infection, the PCT guided antibiotic therapy leads to less antibiotic side-effects with no difference in the rate of mortality. For infection in the blood stream, sepsis, high PCT level has a direct sync with bacterial positive blood culture. In case of postoperative condition, low PCT level indicates the absence of the peri-operative infection and facilitates early discharge. The paper gives a comprehensive summary of the evidence behind the use of PCT as a biomarker for the diagnosis of the microbial disease and antibiotic stewardship in organ-related infections. Among the infectious disease, Meningitis, Pneumonia, Upper respiratory tract infection, severe sepsis or septic shock provide strong evidence in the favour of the use of PCT as the principal biomarker. On the other hand, PCT provides good evidence of the antibiotic regulation for acute bronchitis, exacerbation of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder), infection in the pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, congestive heart failure, abdominal infection, pancreatic infection, urinary tract infection and blood stream infection. Moderate evidence in favour of PCT exists in the diseases like post operative abdominal infection, endocarditis, appendicitis and arthritis. Neutropenia, in which the body has low level of neutrophill in blood due to certain infection, shows no evidence in favour of PCT. PCT-guided therapy helps to decrease the rate of antibiotic exposure via decreasing the initiation or the tenure of the antibiotic treatment. PCT also improves the overall disease management of the patients with lower respiratory tract infections, sepsis, unrinary tract infection, postoperative infections, meningitis and other bacterial super infection like pneumonia. Recording the levels of PCT post hospitalization substantially reduces the use of antibiotic in low-risk situations. For infections, PCT kinetics helped in cutting short the duration of the antibiotic treatment. These strategies are safe and do not increase the chances of mortality, recurrent infections, or failure of the treatment. Critical Evaluation of the Article According to me, this comprehensive review paper tried to clearly address the importance of monitoring the PCT level in blood during the management of the infectious disease. The paper also took a significant attempt to guide the clinicians to with the role of PCT in disease treatment and antibiotic administration. The authors here looked for the right and appropriate papers to perform this systemic review and have stringently cited recent studies conducted during the tenure of 2012 to 2016 focusing the role of PCT is disease treatment. All the important and relevant studies that have been conducted in this particular field are included in this research paper and clearly discussed in a collated manner. All the important outcomes, which are associated with the level of PCT in the blood are considered in detail and this include, the characterization of the infectious disease on the basis of their evidence in favour of PCT. The results obtained will be extremely useful for the healthcar e professionals show nurture a common aim of providing the patients a relief from the symptoms, which are arising out of the bacterial infection. Moreover, the results are precise and are represented in a tabular format, further making it easier for the reviewer to comprehend the data. However, I spotted certain loop holes in the study. The weakness of the study lies in the fact that it did not conduct a systematic review, rather selected articles in random from. Pubmed and hence the obtained conclusion is a bit enthusiastic or directed towards a single direction. Moreover, the selected papers did not blind investigators or patients and hence leading to possible chance of biasness. The meta analysis is performed over the research papers that are published during the tenure of 2012 and mid-2016. Papers before or after this particular time frame may have certain different approach on the PCT and its relation with biomarker of bacterial infection and hence, the possible conflicting data may have got missed. Moreover, the paper also failed to site a comparative analysis of the CRP and PCT and their role as a biomarker for infection and antibiotic stewardship. Moreover, the level of PCT in blood increases even in the absence of bacterial infection and such cases are com mon in patients with severe trauma or under post-operative condition (16). The paper only focused on the PCT as a biomarker for infection but failed to highlight the exceptional scenarios. In order to perform a comparative the study, the paper might have taken the approach as used by the paper Infection biomarkers in primary care patients with acute respiratory tract infectionscomparison of Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein, such comparative approach will help the clinicians to understand the relation between CRP and PCT and how their blood levels helps in ascertaining the chronicity of the infection. Summary and Discussion This narrative review put forward several interesting clinical settings for PCT-guided therapy. The therapy aims to decrease the level of antibiotic exposure via regulating the initiation or the duration of the overall treatment. PCT has been found to improve the overall management plan of the patients who are suffering from respiratory tract infections, septicaemia, UTIs, postoperative infections, meningitis and pneumonia. The reference of the PCT concentration in blood has helped to reduce the chances of initiation of strong antibiotic treatment in low-risk disease situations. In case of severe infections like pneumonia, antibiotic stewardship by regulating PCT kinetics helped in shortening the tenure of the antibiotic treatment and early cessation of therapy. These strategies are safe do not include the chance of mortality, recurrent infections and overall treatment failure. There lays a strong relation with the antibiotic stewardship in the field of respiratory infection and sepsis of the blood. However, the concentration of PCT in the blood and it relation with other types of infectious disease has not been studied in details for several other types of infections. Thus, the scope of the future research lies on the relation of the PCT levels in the antibiotic treatment of the non-respiratory infections. The scope will also fall under the domain of investigating whether the concentration of PCT improves the antibiotic decision making process in these patients (non-respiratory infections). PCT must also be tallied with other biomarkers for infection such as CRP, on the scale of diagnostic accuracy and cost-effectiveness. The emergence of multidrug resistance bacteria has led to generation of the urgency of designing effective plan to reduce prolong and unnecessary intake antibiotics. The condition will again be of prime importance in case of self-limiting nonbacterial diseases. The healthcare practitioner nurtures a common goal of achieving instant disease recovery via quick symptom relief in case of bacterial infection. In order to achieve the same, they administered high-dose antibiotic and the result is the generation of the multi-drug resistance bacteria ad recurrent infection. The importance of PCT lies in the fact that it promotes rational use of antibiotics in effective disease treatment. References Lee TH, Goldman L. Evaluation of the patient with acute chest pain. New England Journal of Medicine. 2000 Apr 20;342(16):1187-95. Agnelli G, Becattini C. Acute pulmonary embolism. New England Journal of Medicine. 2010 Jul 15;363(3):266-74. Mller B, Harbarth S, Stolz D, Bingisser R, Mueller C, Leuppi J, Nusbaumer C, Tamm M, Christ-Crain M. Diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of clinical and laboratory parameters in community-acquired pneumonia. BMC infectious diseases. 2007 Mar 2;7(1):10. Christ-Crain M, MuLLER BE. Procalcitonin in bacterial infections-hype, hope, more or less?. Swiss Medical Weekly. 2005 Aug 6;135(31-32):451-60. Christ-Crain M, Mller B. Biomarkers in respiratory tract infections: diagnostic guides to antibiotic prescription, prognostic markers and mediators. European Respiratory Journal. 2007 Sep 1;30(3):556-73. Linscheid P, Seboek D, Zulewski H, Keller U, Muller B. Autocrine/paracrine role of inflammation-mediated calcitonin gene-related peptide and adrenomedullin expression in human adipose tissue. Endocrinology. 2005 Jun 1;146(6):2699-708. Schuetz P, Christ-Crain M, Muller B. Procalcitonin and other biomarkers to improve assessment and antibiotic stewardship in infections--hope for hype?. Swiss medical weekly. 2009 Jun 13;139(23):318. Christ-Crain M, Stolz D, Bingisser R, Muller C, Miedinger D, Huber PR, Zimmerli W, Harbarth S, Tamm M, Muller B. Procalcitonin guidance of antibiotic therapy in community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized trial. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2006 Jul 1;174(1):84-93. Schuetz P, Christ-Crain M, Albrich W, Zimmerli W, Mueller B. Guidance of antibiotic therapy with procalcitonin in lower respiratory tract infections: insights into the ProHOSP study. Virulence. 2010 Mar 1;1(2):88-92. Schuetz P, Suter-Widmer I, Chaudri A, Christ-Crain M, Zimmerli W, Mueller B. Prognostic value of procalcitonin in community-acquired pneumonia. European Respiratory Journal. 2011 Feb 1;37(2):384-92. van Nieuwkoop C, Bonten TN, van't Wout JW, Kuijper EJ, Groeneveld GH, Becker MJ, Koster T, Wattel-Louis GH, Delfos NM, Ablij HC, Leyten EM. Procalcitonin reflects bacteremia and bacterial load in urosepsis syndrome: a prospective observational study. Critical care. 2010 Nov 17;14(6):R206. Knudsen JB, Fuursted K, Petersen E, Wierup P, Mlgaard H, Poulsen SH, Egeblad H. Procalcitonin in 759 patients clinically suspected of infective endocarditis. The American journal of medicine. 2010 Dec 31;123(12):1121-7. Hugle T, Schuetz P, Mueller B, Laifer G, Tyndall A, Regenass S, Daikeler T. Serum procalcitonin for discrimination between septic and non-septic arthritis. Clinical Experimental Rheumatology. 2008 May 1;26(3):453. Schuetz P, Albrich W, Mueller B. Procalcitonin for diagnosis of infection and guide to antibiotic decisions: past, present and future. BMC medicine. 2011 Sep 22;9(1):107. Meili M, Kutz A, Briel M, Christ-Crain M, Bucher HC, Mueller B, Schuetz P. Infection biomarkers in primary care patients with acute respiratory tract infectionscomparison of Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein. BMC pulmonary medicine. 2016 Mar 24;16(1):43. Hunziker S, Hgle T, Schuchardt K, Groeschl I, Schuetz P, Mueller B, Dick W, Eriksson U, Trampuz A. The value of serum procalcitonin level for differentiation of infectious from noninfectious causes of fever after orthopaedic surgery. JBJS. 2010 Jan 1;92(1):138-48.